长期施肥对黑土磷素积累、形态转化及其有效性影响的研究

1980年开始,在小麦大豆玉米轮作制中,研究长期定位施用常量的氮、磷、钾(小麦、玉米施肥量为N150、P2O575、K2O75kg/hm2;大豆为N75、P2O5150、K2O75kg/hm2)和有机肥(马粪,折N75kg/hm2,只在玉米后茬上施用),以及二倍和四倍量对土壤磷素积累、形态变化及磷肥后效的影响。23年研究结果表明,长期不施肥,黑土土壤全磷下降37.4%、速效磷下降了60%;施用磷肥土壤全磷增加53.9%～65.7%、速效磷增加6～15倍。积累的磷素大部分以有效性较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P形态积累在土壤中,施用磷肥可使Ca2-P增加4～15倍,Ca8-P增加4～16倍,Al-P增加1.6～11.8倍,Fe-P增加1.4～4.4倍,O-P增加0.6～1.7倍,Ca10-P增加0.3～0.7倍。所积累在土壤中的磷素具有生物有效性。     

Impact of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal associations and implications for plant growth

The impact of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ upon plant physiology has been widely investigated. Plant, and in particular root, growth is nearly always enhanced as a direct consequence of CO₂ enrichment, with C₃ species generally more responsive than C₄ species. Such alterations in plant productivity will have consequence for below-ground processes and increased carbon allocation to the roots may favour symbiotic relationships. This paper discusses the current information available for the consequences of these changes upon mycorrhizal relationships. Generally mycorrhizal plants grown under CO₂ enrichment show enhanced phosphorus uptake but nitrogen uptake is unaffected. This increased nutrient uptake is not correlated with increased mycorrhizal colonization of the roots. Similarly root exudation does not increase under CO₂ enrichment but qualitative differences have yet to be assessed. However, it is predicted that total rhizodeposition of materials will increase as will litter inputs, although mineral and biochemical alterations to these plant derived inputs may occur. The consequences of such changes within the rhizosphere are discussed and future research     

Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii)

Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO _n3 ^– -N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO₄ ^3–, K⁺, Fe²⁺, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.     

Transpirational response to water availability for winter wheat as affected by soil textures

Soil texture and evaporative demand have been reported to be the main factors which influence the transpirational response to soil water deficits. However, experimental evidences are not enough. The objective of this study was to investigate the transpirational response to soil water availability in soils of different textures under different evaporative demand levels. The three main soils of the Loess Plateau of China (loamy clay, clay loam and sandy loam) were selected and six constant soil water treatments were applied for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in pots. In order to reduce the influence of environmental conditions and plant factors, a normalized daily transpiration rate was used to develop the relationships with volumetric soil water content and soil water suction. Results showed that, under various levels of evaporative demand, a linear-plateau function with a critical value could be used to describe the dynamic change of the normalized transpiration rate with soil drying. Soil texture significantly influenced both the critical and the slope values of the linear-plateau equations, however, evaporative demand significantly affected the critical values of volumetric soil water content and soil suction for the loamy clay and clay loam only. Therefore, for saving water, different strategies are needed for these three soils.     

应用~(109)Cd~(2+) ~(65)Zn~(2+)示踪技术研究玉米P Cd Zn间的交互作用

模拟土壤环境,采用109Cd2 和65Zn2 核素双标记示踪技术,以玉米为指示植物研究了P、Cd、Zn间的交互作用,P的浓度设计为0.25(CK)、0.6、3.0mmol·L-1,Cd的浓度为6.5×10-3mmol·L-1;Zn的浓度为0.1mmol·L-1。研究结果表明,在P浓度为0.25和0.6mmol·L-1时,植物根系和地上部对109Cd和65Zn的吸收活度都呈增加趋势,当P浓度为3.0mmol·L-1时,植物根系和地上部对109Cd和65Zn的吸收活度下降,说明P的浓度达到一定水平时,会使重金属Cd和Zn的有效态降低,从而降低了植物对重金属的吸收量。通过对植物根系和地上部吸收的Cd和Zn的比较,发现大多数的Cd和Zn积累在根系,从根部输送到地上部的很少。一是因为植物根系从溶液中吸收重金属后,P与Cd或Zn形成难溶物沉淀下来,使从根系输送到地上部的有效态Cd和Zn显著减少(P≤0.01);二是因为根细胞壁表面带有较多的羧酸基团及少量带正电荷的氨基,Zn2 和Cd2 通过静电吸引而吸附在细胞壁上,减少了Cd和Zn向地上部的输送。从研究结果还可看出,根系吸附的Cd的量大于Zn的量,而茎叶与此相反,这是因为Cd为植物非必需元素,Zn为植物必需的微量元素,植物会把其所需要的元素优先输送到地上部,供其生长发育,所以大多数Zn通过木质部被输送到地上部,大多数Cd被滞留在根系中。利用统计方法分析了相同P水平条件下玉米不同部位吸收的Cd和Zn之间的相关性,结果表明根系吸收的Cd和Zn之间及茎叶吸收的Cd和Zn之间的相关性显著(P≤0.01),Cd与Zn之间存在着协同效应。     

Cd对叶菜生长和产量的影响及其在叶菜体内的积累

选取广东省菜薹、芥菜、叶用莴苣、蕹菜和苋菜等几种主要的叶类蔬菜,在水培条件下进行Cd在不同浓度下对叶菜生长、产量及其在叶菜体内积累的影响研究。结果表明,培养液中Cd的添加浓度为0.01、0.1、0.5mg·kg-1时,其对叶菜生长、产量及其在叶菜体内积累都有明显的影响,且因Cd浓度和叶菜种类的不同而有很大差异。随着培养液中Cd浓度的增大,各种类叶菜的受害症状加重,减产幅度增大,可食用部位Cd含量和Cd累积量都极显著增加,且它们分别与培养液中的Cd浓度呈显著或极显著的正相关(前者r=0.987￣0.999,P<0.01,N=4;后者r=0.967￣0.999,P<0.05,N=4)。各叶菜产量受影响程度的顺序为:叶用莴苣>苋菜、芥菜>菜薹>蕹菜。可食用部位富集Cd量的顺序为:苋菜>菜薹>叶用莴苣>芥菜、蕹菜。     

镉胁迫对青菜幼苗某些生理特性以及基因组多态性的影响

以青菜品种"苏州青"为试材,采用生理生化方法和随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫对青菜幼苗相关生理特性以及基因组多态性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度(1、5、10、20、40 mg·L-1)的Cd处理20 d后,青菜幼苗的鲜重、根伸长受到显著抑制,叶片的叶绿素以及蛋白质含量下降,丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性增加。选用8条寡核苷酸引物(10 bp)对青菜幼苗基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增,对照组的RAPD图谱中可分辨出55条谱带,Cd胁迫后的RAPD图谱发生改变,呈现谱带的增加、缺失和荧光强度的改变,并且与Cd浓度剂量-效应相关。随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗叶片基因组的模板稳定性逐步下降,并且RAPD多态性与青菜幼苗的生理指标具有显著的相关性。以上结果表明,利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化谱带可作为检测Cd对青菜毒性效应的生物标记物。     

灌浆期Cd、Cu、Zn胁迫对小麦旗叶生理活性的影响

采用田间模拟Cd、Cu、Zn污染的试验方法,以郑州9023为试验材料,研究了灌浆期Cd、Cu、Zn胁迫下小麦旗叶的呼吸速率、叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、MDA含量和相对电导率六项生理指标的变化动态。结果表明,在小麦灌浆过程中,Cd、Cu、Zn胁迫均降低了旗叶的叶绿素含量,提高了旗叶呼吸速率、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、MDA的含量和相对电导率。在这3种重金属元素中,Cd对小麦旗叶的伤害作用在灌浆前期较强,而Cu则在灌浆后期显示出较强毒害。     

镉-菲复合污染对蚯蚓急性毒性效应的研究

采用人工土壤法,研究重金属镉、多环芳烃菲对安德爱胜蚓(Eisenia andrei)的单一与复合急性毒性效应。单一毒性试验结果表明,菲的毒性大于镉毒性;14 d时镉、菲的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为788.71 mg.kg-1、42.51 mg.kg-1。复合毒性试验结果表明,镉在各浓度下与菲复合,对蚯蚓的毒性都产生拮抗作用,且随镉浓度升高其降低菲毒性的程度降低,说明复合污染物的组成及各污染物的不同浓度组合是决定混合物毒性的重要因素。