Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat

The source–sink ratio during grain filling is a critical factor that affects crop yield in wheat, and the main objective of this study was to determine the source–sink relations at both the canopy scale and the individual culm level under two nitrogen (N) levels at the post-jointing stage.  Nine widely-used cultivars were chosen for analyzing source–sink relations in southwestern China; and three typical cultivars of different plant types were subjected to artificial manipulation of the grain-filling source–sink ratio to supplement crop growth measurements.  A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons under two N rates (N+, 150 kg ha^–1; N–, 60 kg ha^–1), and three manipulations were imposed after anthesis: control (Ct), removal of flag and penultimate leaves (Lr) and removal of spikelets on one side of each spike (Sr).  The results showed that the single grain weights in the three cultivars were significantly decreased by Lr and increased by Sr, which demonstrated that wheat grain yield potential seems more source-limited than sink-limited during grain filling, but the source–sink balance was obviously changed by climatic variations and N deficient environments.  Grain yield was highly associated with sink capacity (SICA), grain number, biomass, SPAD values, and leaf area index during grain filling, indicating a higher degree of source limitation with an increase in sink capacity.  Therefore, source limitation should be taken into account by breeders when SICA is increased, especially under non-limiting conditions.  Chuanmai 104, a half-compact type with a mid-sized spike and a long narrow upper leaf, showed relatively better performance in source–sink relations.  Since this cultivar showed the characteristics of a lower reduction in grain weight after Lr, a larger increase after Sr, and a lower reduction in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, then the greater current photosynthesis during grain filling contributed to the grain after source and sink manipulation.      

抚育间伐对小兴安岭天然针阔混交林碳储量的影响

在小兴安岭地区带岭林业实验局东方红林场天然林试验区,设置6块样地,对天然针阔混交次生林进行不同强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的抚育间伐;采用平均标准木法取样、实验室重铬酸钾法测定林木碳质量分数,分析不同间伐强度对乔木层地上部分生物量及碳储量的影响。结果表明:随着间伐强度的增加,乔木层地上部分生物量、碳储量整体呈先增加再减小趋势,但间伐8 a内各间伐生物量、碳储量均显著少于对照。伐后1~4 a,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量增长率、增长量均高于对照;间伐后1~4 a内,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量的恢复能力最强。间伐后5~8 a,高度间伐(间伐强度30%、35%)碳储量恢复能力最弱;间伐8 a后,各间伐强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的碳储量,分别为74.93±3.42、86.96±7.31、99.24±2.43、93.64±6.68、85.23±2.11、79.54±3.38 t/hm2,林木各器官碳储量差异显著,从大到小依次为树干、树枝、树叶;间伐8 a后,各间伐树干碳储量所占比例比对照所占比例增加-0.04%~12.27%,在间伐强度为20%时树干碳储量比例最高,说明间伐强度20%有利于小兴安岭天然针阔混交林树干碳储量的累积及单株林木质量的提高。总体看,短期间伐(4 a内)利于20%间伐乔木层碳储量的迅速积累,8 a内各间伐仍处于乔木层地上部分碳储量低于对照的恢复期。     

双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术的示范推广

结合兴宁市双季超级稻生产的实践,对其强源活库优米栽培技术进行简单的总结,包括结合双季超级稻品种的特性适时与适密抛(插)秧、节水灌溉、使用超级稻专用肥、病虫害防治等,并分析了该技术示范推广后的效果。     

Growth and physiological responses of growing pigs to wheat–corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Gaining a detailed knowledge on the impact of a feedstuff on pig growth and physiological responses is critical for its effective utilization. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of distillers dried grains with solubles derived from co‐fermentation of wheat and corn (wcDDGS) on performance, carcass and visceral organ weights, whole‐body O₂ consumption and heat production (HP) in growing barrows. The experimental diets were as follows: corn–soybean meal diet (Control), Control + 15% wcDDGS and Control + 30% wcDDGS. In Exp. 1, 48 pair‐housed pigs of average BW 18.6 ± 1.5 kg (mean ± SD) were allotted to the 3 diets (n = 8). Pigs had free access to water and feed for a 28‐day period during which ADG and ADFI were calculated weekly. Thereafter, 1 pig/pen was killed to measure carcass and visceral organ weights. Overall, wcDDGS linearly decreased (p < 0.05) ADFI and ADG but had no effect on G:F (p > 0.10). The ADFI was 1.55, 1.45 and 1.36 kg/day for diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wcDDGS respectively; corresponding values for ADG were 0.79, 0.75 and 0.67 kg/day respectively. A linear decline (p = 0.01) in eviscerated hot carcass weight was observed as dietary wcDDGS increased. In Exp. 2, 18 pigs of average BW 20.4 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± SD) were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the 3 diets (n = 6) at 550 kcal ME kg BW^?0.60day for a 16‐day period followed by measurement of O₂ consumption using an indirect calorimeter. Diet had no effect (p > 0.10) on whole‐body O₂ consumption and HP. In conclusion, increasing wcDDGS content in growing pig diets linearly reduced ADFI, ADG and eviscerated hot carcass weight but had no effect on G:F, visceral organ weights or HP.     

毛竹林生态系统植硅体的分布及其影响因素

在浙江省临安市青山、安吉县船坝、新昌县巧英和新昌县大市聚等4个地点选取毛竹Phyllostachys edulis竹叶及林地土壤,运用微波消解及Walkley-Black方法,研究不同岩性土壤上发育的同一竹龄毛竹竹叶和同一岩性土壤上发育的不同竹龄毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生和分布规律,为毛竹林植硅体碳汇调控提供科学参考。结果表明:①毛竹竹叶中植硅体质量分数为50.8~99.1 g·kg-1,基本上是由上部到下部递减,在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。②毛竹竹叶中植硅体的产生通量变化范围为154.9~605.9 kg·hm-2·a-1,在不同岩性间的差异表现为花岗岩>花岗闪长岩>玄武岩>页岩。③若按目前全国毛竹林面积3.3×106hm2,植硅体产生通量209.5~420.2 kg·hm-2·a-1以及植硅体中碳含量(3±1)%计算,那么中国毛竹林通过叶植硅体约可以固定二氧化碳(76.1~152.5)×106kg·a-1。     

木耳属4个野生菌株的培养特性研究

通过研究不同营养和环境条件对木耳属4个主要种类的野生菌株生长速率和生长势等培养特性的影响,明确了黑木耳、毛木耳、皱木耳、紫木耳菌丝生长的最适温度范围以及最佳碳源和氮源。     

江苏省水稻生产的碳排放结构特征和影响因素研究——基于农户生产投入和规模的视角

基于对江苏省水稻生产农户的实地调研,运用投入产出法和生命周期法,对水稻生产的碳排放进行探究,并借助影响因素回归模型,探讨影响农户水稻生产碳排放的主要因素.结果表明：①江苏省农户生产1 hm2水稻的碳排放约为5 110.92 kgCe,从水稻碳排放结构特征来看,水稻生产中甲烷排放的比重较大,包括农用能源（煤炭、柴油、电力）及工业投入品（化肥、农药等）的全生命周期碳排放是水稻温室气体重要的来源;②家庭劳动力数量的增加并不会减少水稻单位产量的碳排放;③种植规模对水稻单位产量碳排放的影响显著为负,且种植规模效益地区差异明显.     

《土壤肥料学》教学过程中固碳思想的融入与加强探讨

介绍了固碳思想产生的背景,在此基础上提出《土壤肥料学》教学过程中固碳思想融入与加强的必要性,并从提高教师专业素质,优化课程教学内容,丰富课程教学方法,注重实践能力培养等方面探讨了实现途径.     

旅游交通能源消耗与碳排放研究

旅游业作为世界上最大的产业部门,其能源消耗和碳排放已经引起关注,其中旅游交通作为旅游业能源消耗和碳排放最主要的部门,许多学者对其进行了研究.科学全面地分析旅游交通能源消耗和碳排放有助于推动旅游交通的可持续发展,进而促进旅游业更健康地发展.分析了当前旅游交通能耗和碳排放的研究方法,然后从旅游交通能源消耗和碳排放的测度、影响因素、对环境的影响和响应对策等4个方面,综述了其主要的研究内容,最后对中国旅游交通能源消耗和碳排放的研究提出了建议.