环境条件变化下汾河水库沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

对汾河水库沉积物中重金属的污染特征和潜在生态风险评价结果表明:汾河水库沉积物中Cd含量为11.42±2.84mg/kg,高于中国湖泊底泥重金属含量背景值。沉积物中Cd的单项潜在生态风险系数远大于其它重金属,高达2346.57,具有极强的生态危害性;而Zn、Cr和Cu只显示出轻微的生态危害性,故Cd是导致汾河水库沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险增强的主要贡献者。室内模拟沉积物经历好氧和厌氧等环境条件下,并用EDTA铵盐溶液单一提取法和BCR连续提取法分别研究了汾河水库沉积物中Cd、Zn、Cr和Cu等重金属的形态分布特征;结果表明:在好氧条件下,Cd的形态分布特征变化最为明显,具有潜在环境效应的Cd含量所占总量的比例上升至52.15%;用EDTA单一提取法测定结果表明:生物有效态Cd含量占总量的比例(B/T)在好氧处置后最高,达30.37%;上述试验结果进一步证明了沉积物中Cd具有强烈的潜在生态风险和较高的生物有效性。     

土壤镉污染对大蒜生理生化指标的影响

1材料与方法1．1材料供试蒜种为山东省农科院培育的鲁蒜王（VF684）1号,选取籽粒饱满、大小均匀、健壮无损伤的蒜瓣为试材。供试土壤为青岛市郊农田0-20cm表层土壤。该土壤远离公路和居民区,属于该地特有的砂质壤土,土壤污染较轻,其pH值6．56,有机质含量25．35g/kg,速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量分别为91．56、24．20、42．10mg／kg,重金属全镉、全铅含量分别为0.21、45．83mg／kg。采集土壤风干后过3mm尼龙筛,备用。     

Measurements of cadmium in soil extracts using multi-variate data analysis and electrochemical sensors

There is a growing awareness of potential health risks due to exposure to heavy metals. One source of uptake is via agriculture, when heavy metals in the soil are taken up by the crop. The metal cadmium holds a special position, since it is considered to be a health risk, even at the low concentrations observed in our food supply, furthermore, it is ranked as eight on the top 20 hazardous substances list. Two measurement systems are described based on stripping voltammetry for analysis of cadmium. One is based on a three metal direct probe system (TMDPS) with three working electrodes (platinum, gold and rhodium), combined with a polishing unit, the other is an automatic flow through system, using one working electrode of gold, also equipped with a polishing unit. A number of different soils were extracted with an ammonium-lactate solution and analyzed with the systems, and the data obtained were subjected to multi-variate data analysis (MVDA). Using modeling based on partial least square (PLS), concentrations of cadmium in the soil extracts could be predicted for the TMDPS in the concentration area 0.5–10 μg/l with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.8 μg/l and a relative predicted deviation (RPV) of 2.0. One sample could be analyzed in 4 min. It was also shown that by using different PLS models, the concentration of the elements copper, aluminum, lead and iron could be predicted. The possibilities of using the technique for field use were also evaluated by studies of mixtures of different soils in 0.1 M HNO₃ solution, the time for an analysis was, however, rather large, around 20 min.     

连续分级提取法研究春季巢湖沉积物中不同结合态氮的赋存特征

为研究沉积物中不同形态氮的释放能力及其生物可利用性大小,为湖泊水环境生态安全评估提供基础依据,以春季巢湖表层沉积物为例,采用连续分级提取法将氮分为游离态氮(FN)、可交换态氮(EN)、酸解态氮(HN)及残渣态氮(RN),并研究了这4种形态的赋存特征.结果表明,沉积物中总凯氏氮含量(TKN)在1 004～2 285 mg·kg~(-1)之间,各形态氮含量大小为HN>EN>RN>FN,占总提取态氮比例分别为78.32%、11.50%、9.76%、0.42%.酸解氨基酸态氮是可矿化态氮最有效贡献者,多元逐步回归方法得到"最优"方程为y=0.696AAN-108.918.连续提取法测得总氮值(TSEN)比用凯氏半微量法测得总氮值(TKN)偏小,但在误差允许的范围内,TSEN可替代半微量凯氏法测得的总氮.     

微波消解-微分电位溶出法同时测定蔬菜中铅、镉

采用微波消解-微分电位溶出法对蔬菜中铅、镉同时进行测定。结果：铅、镉同时测定的线性范围分别为0～32、0～16 ng,回收率为93.2%～105.4%,相对标准偏差为2.3%～3.6%。该法操作快速、简便,结果准确、可靠。     

苗期水稻吸收和转运砷的基因型差异研究

采用营养液培养的方法,研究了在根表无铁氧化物膜形成的情况下,苗期水稻对生长介质中三价砷和五价砷吸收及向地上部转运的基因型差异。水稻植株分别暴露在含20 mM五价砷和含五价砷、三价砷各10 mM的营养介质中14d,对水稻生物量的影响存在显著的基因型差异,在6个水稻基因型中,砷处理促进了根系的生长,但抑制了地上部的正常生长,只有基因型94D-22除外,2周的砷暴露对其生长虽然有抑制作用,但这种抑制效应并不显著;不同程度的砷暴露并没有对根中砷浓度、地上部砷浓度产生明显影响(94D-22除外),但基因型之间砷浓度的变化趋势与有铁膜形成时相比存在明显差异。营养液中三价砷和五价砷共存时,基因型94D-22茎叶中砷浓度最高（69.5 mg/kg）,是其他基因型的1.8~3.1倍,并且94D-22对砷的吸收能力和转移能力也最大,KY1360和94D-64对砷的转移能力最弱,这与有铁膜形成且经过整个生长季的水稻对砷吸收和转运能力的影响结果不同。     

镉毒害对小麦生理生态效应的研究进展

镉是植物生长的非必须元素,它具有很大的生物毒性,与其它重金属相比,更易被植物吸收积累,即使生长在非污染土壤上的小麦,籽粒中镉含量都在0.002~0.207 mg/kg。在参考大量文献资料的基础上,综述了镉（Cd）毒害对小麦植株幼苗的萌发、生长及小麦生理生化特性的反应,提出了小麦镉毒害影响因素与防治途径。     

Soils in the semi-arid area of the El Melah Lagoon (NE Tunisia) — Variability associated with a closing evolution

Soils of the semi-arid area of the El Melah coastal lagoon (NE Tunisia), with a closing evolution dynamic, were studied aiming: (1) the chemical and mineralogical characterization of surface and subsurface layers of soil profiles from locations previously submerged and of soils developed on dunes; (2) to evaluate the dependence on the environment conditions of the geochemical patterns of the soils; and (3) to determine chemical and mineralogical variations with the emersion of the sediments resulting from the decrease in the extent of the area permanently covered by water in the lagoon. The compositional results obtained showed significant differences depending on the environment (littoral plain, old dunes and sandy spit), but soils of the different environmental zones studied do not appear to be significantly polluted as far as trace elements are concerned. Among the elements studied, high element/Sc ratios and variations were found for As, Sb and Zn. Antimony is more concentrated in coarser samples suggesting its adsorption in Fe or Mn oxides coating quartz grain surfaces. Arsenic and zinc may be incorporated into the carbonates structure, as well as adsorbed on, or coprecipitated with, iron oxides. Zinc may also be significantly incorporated in clay minerals. Iron was found to be more oxidized in the cultivated soil from the old dune strand; and more reduced in the sandy spit where ankerite occurs suggesting the reduction of Fe³⁺ in oxide/hydroxides by microorganisms and incorporation of Fe²⁺ in carbonates. REE patterns, particularly the HREE/LREE are correlated with carbonates, indicating preferential incorporation of the HREE in carbonates, and of the LREE in clay minerals/iron oxides. High Ga contents were found in soils and sediments rich in clay minerals/Al, suggesting its incorporation in clay minerals structure. Therefore, Ga may be used as an indicator of the clay minerals proportion in sediments and soils. Carbonates, sulphates, besides Fe and/or Mn oxides and clay minerals, appear to play an important role on the trace elements distribution.     

松花江沉积物重金属形态赋存特征研究

采用Tessier连续提取法分析了松花江表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn4种重金属的赋存形态,并结合次生相富集系数法,探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险及来源。结果表明,沉积物中Cu以残渣态为主（高于50%）,其次为有机质结合态,从上游至下游,沉积物中Cu形态的稳定程度逐渐增加;沿程所有沉积物样品中可交换态Pb的含量均高于当地沉积物背景值,存在较高的可迁移性和二次释放风险;在二松大部分江段和松花江干流,Zn主要以比较稳定的残渣态存在,不存在二次释放污染水体的风险;Mn的有效态含量均在流域沉积物背景值范围之内。对重金属次生相富集系数的研究表明,沿程沉积物中Cu、Pb均有一定程度的富集,主要来源于人为输入;Zn在二松中下游的哈达湾至松原江段有一定的富集,其余江段人为输入的Zn较少;沉积物中的Mn主要为自然来源。     

Cadmium-induced production of phytochelatins and speciation of intracellular cadmium in organs of Linum usitatissimum seedlings

The capacity of most flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties and cultivars to accumulate cadmium (Cd), underlined by their Cd-tolerant phenotype, brought an interest in their use in phytoextraction of soil Cd to aboveground biomass. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the mechanism of intracellular detoxification of Cd, by exploring the response of flax seedlings, cultivar AGT 952, to 12 days growth at 50-500 μM Cd. The majority of accumulated Cd (67-74%) was retained in roots, which showed reduced elongation (by 50% at 100 μM Cd) and 3.5 (at 50 μM Cd) to 9.6 (at 500 μM Cd) times higher concentration of Cd than in shoots. Labeling of roots with Leadmium fluorescent marker visualized intracellular localization of Cd. High-performance liquid chromatography of extracts from Cd-treated seedlings revealed induced synthesis of phytochelatins, small intracellular peptides binding Cd through cysteine of their repeating (γ-Glu-Cys)_n motives (PCn). Regardless the treatment, PC3 was dominant in all organs and PC2 was restricted to cotyledons. Larger PC4 and PC5 accumulated only in roots grown at 500 μM Cd. Size exclusion chromatography of the organ extracts from seedlings exposed to 100 μM revealed the presence of 2-kDa complexes equated to low-molecular weight (LMW) Cd-PC complexes. In roots, the majority of Cd was stored in ≥9-kDa complex corresponding in apparent molecular mass to stable high-molecular weight (HMW) CdS-PC complexes of yeasts and plants. Data demonstrate that, like in most other plants, the response of flax to Cd involved phytochelatins and suggested that the deposition of Cd in HMW complex should be considered the intrinsic feature reducing translocation of Cd to shoots.