Cloning and expression of immunogenic Clostridium botulinum C2I mutant proteins designed from their evolutionary imprints

C2 toxin produced from Clostridium botulinum serotypes C and D has a potential role in many pathophysiological mechanisms in birds and animals. It has encompassed an ADP ribosyltransferase subunit (C2I) and a translocation/binding subunit (C2II). In the present study, we intended to produce C2I mutant proteins as recombinant subunit vaccines by using glutathione-S-transferase-gene fusion system. The mutants of this study were previously evaluated from their evolutionary imprints and suggested as suitable candidates for subunit vaccines. A synthetic C2 gene was inserted in a pGEX-2T vector, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 host. The expressed mutant proteins were purified by using glutathione-agarose column and then examined for their ADP ribosyltransferase activity and vaccinogenic characteristics. The pGEX-2T-C2I constructs with Y298F, S347A and S350A substitutions have shown effective transformation efficiencies in E. coli XL10 competent cells but their mutagenesis efficiency was relatively low. Gene expression analysis indicated the rate of gene expression was depended on the fused mutant genes. A high-level expression was achieved for Y298F, S347A and S350A mutant proteins. All purified protein exhibited a molecular mass of 49 kDa. C2I mutant proteins exhibited a reduced ADP ribosyltransferase activity with retained immunogenic and vaccinogenic characteristics compared to the wild-type C2I subunit. The overall analysis of our study suggested the recombinant C2I proteins (S197A and Y298F) are the most promising candidates for the development of subunit vaccine or immunogen for C2 mutants mediated diseases in birds and animals.     

Adenylates in the soil microbial biomass at different temperatures

Five soils from temperate sites (Germany; 2 arable and 3 grassland) were incubated aerobically at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35, and 40 °C for 8 days. Soils were analysed for soil microbial biomass C, biomass N, AMP, ADP, and ATP to determine whether the increase in the ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio with increasing temperature was either due to an increase in the adenylate energy charge (AEC) or de novo synthesis of ATP, or both. Around 80% of the variance in microbial biomass C and biomass N was explained by differences in soil properties, only 7% by the temperature treatments. Averaging the data of all 5 soils for each incubation temperature, the microbial biomass C content decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 40 °C continuously by 2.5 μg g⁻¹ soil °C⁻¹ after 8-days' incubation. However, this decrease was not accompanied by a similar decrease in microbial biomass N. The average microbial biomass C/N ratio was 6.8. Between 54 and 76% of the variance in AMP, ADP, ATP and the sum of adenylates was explained by differences in soil properties and between 14 (ADP) and 27% (ATP) by the temperature treatments. However, temperature effects on AMP and ADP were variable and inconsistent. In contrast, ATP and consequently also the sum of adenylates increased continuously from 5 to 30 °C followed by a decline to 40 °C. The AEC showed similarly a small, but significant increase with increasing temperature from 0.73 to 0.85 at 30 °C. Consequently, the majority of the variance, i.e. roughly 60% in AEC values, but also in ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratios was explained by the incubation temperature. The mean ATP-to-microbial biomass C ratio increased from 4.7 μmol g⁻¹ at 5 °C to a 2.5 fold maximum of 12.0 μmol g⁻¹ at 35 °C. This increase was linear with a rate of 0.26 μmol ATP g⁻¹ microbial biomass C °C⁻¹. The energy for the extra ATP produced during temperature increase is probably derived from an accelerated turnover of endocellular C reserves in the microbial biomass.     

魔芋ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基cDNA片段的克隆

 利用ADP - 葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的保守序列设计引物, 采用RT-PCR 方法, 从白魔芋球茎组织的总RNA 中扩增出目标cDNA 片段, 并克隆到pUC18 载体中。序列分析后确认该片段属于一新的ADP - 葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基基因。     

转ATP/ADP转运蛋白基因籼稻的初步研究

ATP/ADP转运蛋白(AATP)在质体膜上负责外源ATP的转入,直接关系到质体内ATP浓度,从而可能影响质体内相关的一些重要代谢途径(如淀粉合成).本研究利用4个转基因结构(水稻aatp正反义转基因结构和菊芋aatp正反义转基因结构),采用农杆菌介导法获得了113个转基因水稻克隆.PCR、Southern Blot验证和后代遗传分析表明,外源基因多数以较低拷贝数整合到水稻基因组中.RT-PCR相对定量检测分析表明,插入基因在水稻中高水平表达,且与内源aatp基因在转录水平上存在复杂的相互干扰,反义植株aatp的转录水平比正义株系的低.     

声学多普勒流速剖面仪原理及其在黄河沙坡头河段中的应用

介绍声学多普勒流速剖面仪（ADP）的原理及其于2009年7月16～18日在黄河宁夏沙坡头河段中的应用。采用走航方式测量了该河段中的12个断面,获得了各断面上水深、流速、流量等大范围的断面观测资料,并探讨了数据处理方法。该研究为在复杂地形水文条件下使用ADP技术提供了理论参考。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定小鼠心肌中ATP、ADP和AMP含量及分析

建立同时测定小鼠心肌组织中ATP（三磷酸腺苷）、ADP（二磷酸腺苷）和AMP（一磷酸腺苷）含量的高效液相色谱方法。采用反相高效液相色谱模式,使用SepaxBio-C18（250ram×4．6mmID,μm,200A）色谱柱,以60mmoL·L^-1磷酸二氢钾、60mmoL·L^-1磷酸氢二钾组成的缓冲液（pH=6．68）为流动相等比洗脱,流速：O．6mL·min^-1紫外检测波长为259Nm,带宽为30nm。三种目标组分在10min内实现基线分离,平均加标回收率均在99％以上,线性范围为1-200mg·L^-1检出限分别为20、20、25ng。该法简便、准确,易于移植。     

Inosine‐5'‐monophosphate is a candidate agent to resolve rigor mortis of skeletal muscle

The object of the present study was to reveal the action of inosine‐5'‐monophosphate (IMP) toward myofibrils in postmortem muscles. IMP solubilized isolated actomyosin within a narrow range of KCl concentration, 0.19‐0.20 mol/L, because of the dissociation of actomyosin into actin and myosin, but it did not solubilize the proteins in myofibrils with 0.2 mol/L KCl. However, IMP could solubilize both proteins in myofibrils with 0.2 mol/L KCl in the presence of 1 m mol/L pyrophosphate or 1.0–3.3 m mol/L adenosine‐5'‐diphosphate (ADP). Thus, we presumed that pyrophosphate and ADP released thin filaments composed of actin, and thick filaments composed of myosin from restraints of myofibrils, and then both filaments were solubilized through the IMP‐induced dissociation of actomyosin. Thus, we concluded that IMP is a candidate agent to resolve rigor mortis because of its ability to break the association between thick and thin filaments.     

节杆菌AD26的分离鉴定及其与假单胞菌ADP对阿特拉津的联合降解

用富集培养法,从农药厂的工业废水中分离到高效降解除草剂阿特拉津的AD26菌株,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为节杆菌(A rthrobacter sp.).降解基因的PCR分析表明,AD26含有阿特拉津降解基因trzN和atzBC,它能以阿特拉津为唯一氮源、蔗糖或柠檬酸钠为碳源生长,将阿特拉津降解成氰尿酸,降解速度快但降解不完全.假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)ADP是Waekea实验室分离的阿特拉津降解菌株,含有阿特拉津降解基因atzABCDEF,能以阿特拉津为唯一氮源、柠檬酸钠为碳源(不能以蔗糖为碳源)生长.将阿特拉津降解成NH3,和CO2,降解完全但降解速度慢.在阿特拉津浓度为200 mg·L-1的无机盐培养基中进行的AD26和ADP混合培养表明,它们对阿特拉津的降解发生了互补和增强作用,两个菌株能在以阿特拉津为唯一氮源、蔗糖为碳源的培养基中生长,而且生长和降解速率都好于单个菌株,培养72 h后阿特拉津去除率达到99.9%,其中76.7%的阿特拉津被降解成NH3和CO2.这表明由节杆菌AD26和假单胞菌ADP组成的混合菌株在阿特拉津废水处理和污染土壤的生物修复中有很好的应用潜力.