国内苜蓿草供需现状及中美贸易摩擦带来的影响与对策

苜蓿草是国家的重要战略资源,是奶牛养殖过程中优质的蛋白质来源。我国牧草产业起步较晚,种植面积虽然居于世界第二位,但由于生产技术落后,优质商品草供给不足。从国内苜蓿商品草供给、市场需求和贸易3个方面阐述了国内苜蓿草产业的市场供需现状及存在的问题,测算了优质苜蓿草的需求量和产需缺口,分析了中美贸易摩擦对国内苜蓿和奶业市场的影响,并提出相关的政策建议。     

二行程双向旋转小型汽油发动机的研究

通过对作者的专利技术“二行程双向旋转小型汽油发动机”（专利号：９５２０２４２８．４）的力学计算及实验测试,进一步阐明了这种新型动力机械的先进性及可行性,并推断出其使用寿命可比原单向旋转的同型号的发动机延长６０％．     

回转机械转动惯量和动摩擦力矩测试方法

针对机械的回转系统,提出了一种整机测试春转动惯量和动摩擦力矩的新方法,分析了测试原理,推导了计算公式,并进行了初步的测试研究,实测证明,这种测试计算方法可以直接进行回转系统的惯量和摩擦力矩的测试,测试的对象为回转系统中的全部零部件,因此这种测试计算方法为整机回转系统的测试研究提供了依据。     

Partial replacement of fish meal by a mixture of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in practical diets for juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: effects on growth performance and in vivo digestibility

An 8‐week experiment was conducted to examine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by a mixture of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RM) in practical diets of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis of initial body weight of 1.54±0.12 g (means±SD, n=90). Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 35% protein and 5% lipid. Soybean meal and RM mix (1:1 ratio) were included at five levels of 0 (control), 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%, replacing 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% FM respectively. When FM was replaced by 15% of SBM and RM, crab showed the highest growth, feed utilization and moulting frequency (MF). Fish meal replaced by SBM and RM did not significantly influence crude protein, lipid and moisture contents of whole body crab, but ash content was the lowest for crab fed the diet with FM replaced by 15% of SBM and RM. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein and energy tended to decline with increasing inclusion levels of dietary SBM and RM. In general, ADCs of lipid were high (over 90%) and showed no significant differences among the treatments (P>0.05). Based on these observations above, these results indicated that about 40% of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM and RM (1:1 ratio) in the diet of E. sinensis without adverse growth performance, compared with the FM‐based diet. However, 20% of FM replaced by SBM and RM produced the best growth performance and feed utilization.     

Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal and plant feed ingredients for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

A study was conducted to determine apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids (AAs) from Peruvian fish meal (PFM), native fish meal (NFM), meat bone meal (MBM), dried daphnia meal (DDM), soybean meal (SBM), full‐fat soybean (FSBM), cottonseed meals (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) for Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (7.8 ± 0.06 g). Test diets were formulated to contain a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient with chromic oxide (5 g kg^–1) serving as the inert marker. ADCs of DM ranged from 49.94% (CGM) to 87.11% (PFM), the highest ADCs of DM were observed in PFM and the lowest was found in CGM. ADCs of CP in the test ingredients ranged from 74.92% (CGM) to 93.41% (SBM). ADCs of crude lipid ranged from 51.80% (CGM) to 94.07% (PFM) for fish. ADCs of energy ranged from 56.42% (CGM) to 90.09% (PFM). ADCs of phosphorus ranged from 21.81% (CSM) to 65.70% (PFM). AA availability for the test ingredients followed a similar pattern to ADCs of CP, in which values for PFM, NFM and MBM were generally higher (p < .05) than those of other protein ingredients. Among all plant meals, the AA availability values in SBM were higher (p < .05) than those in CGM, CSM and RSM. The availability of most AAs in CGM was the lowest (p < .05) among all tested ingredients. In conclusion, PFM and NFM are good sources of available protein and AAs. When fishmeal supply is limited, MBM and DDM are substitutes for fishmeal reduction in P. ussuriensis diets; at the same time, SBM and FSBM are also very acceptable protein feedstuffs. However, CSM, RSM and CGM could not be used at high levels in P. ussuriensis diets because of their inferior digestibilities.     

不同胶粘面积钢板加气混凝土砌块粘结性能试验

针对新型地下粮仓采用钢板作为防水层、环氧结构胶粘结钢板与加气混凝土砌块作为防潮层的构造做法,分析在粮食水平侧压力及竖向摩擦力作用下该构造层的安全性与可靠性,设计3种胶粘面积分别为A、0.8A、0.5A的试件（A为单块加气混凝土砌块与钢板的接触面积）,分别对其进行竖向单向加载与水平-竖向双向加载,分析3种胶粘面积及2种受力状态对钢板加气混凝土砌块构造层的荷载-位移、承载能力、粘结强度及破坏形态的影响。研究结果表明：水平荷载即仓内储粮产生的水平侧压力对界面粘结性能是有利的;试件在水平-竖向双向加载时更有利于界面的稳定;竖向单向加载作用下胶粘面积为0.5A时的理论最大储粮高度最小,且大于实际储粮高度,说明在地下粮仓设计中,当环氧结构胶粘结面积超过加气混凝土砌块与钢板接触面积的50%时,能够满足储粮荷载作用下的承载能力及粘结强度要求。研究成果可为新型地下粮仓防水防潮构造层的安全性与可靠性提供参考依据。     

硅灰石纤维填充超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料干滑动摩擦磨损的BP神经网络分析

超高分子量聚乙烯及其复合材料由于其优良的自润滑和防黏性能可用于农业工程装备中的滑动接触部件和触土部件。基于人工神经网络在复杂系统建模问题上的优越性,考察了几种因素对硅灰石纤维增强复合材料的摩擦和磨损性能影响的模型。考虑到输入、输出数据个数,调试设计了一个3×10×2的BP神经网络,其输入层由3个神经元构成,分别为硅灰石纤维的处理方法、硅灰石纤维的加入量和试验过程中的法向载荷。隐含层有10个神经元。输出层2个神经元分别为材料的摩擦系数和磨损量。基于上述BP神经网络对硅灰石纤维增强超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料的干滑动摩擦磨损性能进行了模拟和预测。对神经网络的训练和检验表明该BP神经网络能够较好地预测影响因素对复合材料的干滑动摩擦和磨损的作用,大部分数据的预测值与试验值的误差在10%以内,其仿真精度能够满足实际的摩擦磨损预测要求。     

刀削结合滚动摩擦进料竹笋剥皮机设计与试验

针对目前我国竹笋剥皮机械化程度低的问题,设计一种刀削结合滚动摩擦进料竹笋剥皮机。根据竹笋物理特性参数和人工剥笋原理,对竹笋剥皮过程进行力学与运动学分析,确定了影响剥皮效率、损伤率和剥净率的主要因素为刀片安装倾角、剥皮辊转速以及滚筒与剥皮辊轴心高度差,在此基础上,给出了竹笋剥皮机关键部件的设计依据。为获得样机最佳试验物料,以竹笋长度、基部直径作为试验因素进行单因素试验,确定长度为300～320mm、基部直径为29～32mm的竹笋作为剥皮机正交试验物料样本。利用Design-Expert软件设计三因素三水平正交试验,并结合实际工作情况确定最优参数组合,结果表明：当刀片安装倾角为30.12°、剥皮辊转速为229.18r/min、滚筒与剥皮辊轴心高度差为15.43mm时,笋肉损伤率为6.81%,笋皮剥净率为94.59%。在该条件下开展验证试验,得到损伤率、剥净率分别为7.10%、93.22%,与优化参数基本一致,满足剥笋要求。     

水重力式马铃薯静摩擦因数测定仪设计与试验

针对传统斜面法测定马铃薯静摩擦因数存在工作效率、精度较低等问题,提出水重力式马铃薯静摩擦因数测定原理,通过精确控制水的重力来确定马铃薯的静摩擦力,进而计算静摩擦因数,据此设计了马铃薯静摩擦因数测定仪。对甘肃省普遍种植的陇薯10号品种进行静摩擦因数测定。结果表明：带土马铃薯与钢板之间的静摩擦因数为0.420,与塑料板之间的静摩擦因数为0.496,马铃薯之间静摩擦因数为0.442;不带土马铃薯与钢板之间的静摩擦因数为0.455,与塑料板之间的静摩擦因数为0.526,马铃薯之间的静摩擦因数为0.483。由此可见,带土马铃薯的静摩擦因数较不带土马铃薯小,静摩擦因数从大到小依次为：马铃薯与塑料板之间、马铃薯之间、马铃薯与45号钢板之间。为进一步验证重力法的可靠性,进行马铃薯坍塌堆积角仿真和试验。结果发现：重力法条件下不带土马铃薯形成的堆积角与试验结果较接近,其相对误差为1.04%,斜面法条件下不带土马铃薯形成的堆积角与试验结果相对误差为7.73%;斜面法条件下带土马铃薯形成的堆积角与试验结果较接近,其相对误差为0.37%,重力法条件下的堆积角与试验结果的相对误差为4.31%。重力法可以测定马铃薯...     

粉-气混合流润滑试验装置及摩擦学特性

为了研究粉气混合流在摩擦副间的润滑状况,采用空气压缩机及油水分离器提供高压干燥空气,并结合粉末流化和喷粉设备构建了向环块摩擦副间输送粉气混合流的粉末润滑试验装置。基于Timken摩擦磨损试验机,用石墨粉末进行一系列润滑试验。结果表明:此供粉装置能提供稳定持续的粉气混合流;石墨粉气混合流能进入到环块摩擦副中,使其保持良好的线接触并起到良好的润滑作用,摩擦系数在载荷达到450N时还不足0.1,并且随着载荷增大有减小趋势;摩擦力随着载荷的提高而增大,但总体上相对较小;磨损量也比较小,试件块的磨痕呈细细的条状;石墨粉气流通过环块摩擦副时将环块表面间的摩擦转换为石墨颗粒间的摩擦,并通过空气流将大部分热量带走,从而有效降低摩擦副的温度。