温度对不同育成地水稻品种的生长及其物质生产的影响

以原产温带的日本晴三粳稻品种和原产热带的IR8两籼稻品种为材料,观察了16—30℃恒温对其生长和物质生产的影响。结果:在试验温度范围内,各个品种的植株均随温度升高而增高;但两类品种的株高感温指数有差异,IR8两品种的较低,日本晴三品种的较高。IR8两品种在30℃下分蘖数最大,日本晴三品种则是在25℃下,较有利于它们的分蘖。IR8两品种的CGR和NAR,以30℃下最大,日本晴三品种则以25℃下的最大,干物质生产量亦呈此趋势。所有供试品种都是在25℃下出叶最少,出叶间隔天数则以在20℃下为最快。     

斑点叉尾鮰对3种致病菌灭活菌苗的免疫应答

将经福尔马林灭活的柱状嗜纤维菌(Cytophaga columnaris)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophi-la)和叉尾鮰爱德华菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)作为免疫原,分别接种斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatusRafinsque)后,通过测定受免鱼的交叉凝集抗体效价、头肾和血液中吞噬细胞的吞噬活性及用A.hydrophila活菌攻毒的方法,探讨了斑点叉尾鮰对3种灭活菌苗的免疫应答状况。试验结果表明,对斑点叉尾鮰经腹腔注射接种3种灭活菌苗能刺激受免鱼产生较强的免疫应答,受免鱼产生了对3种致病菌的特异性凝集抗体和交叉凝集抗体,与未接种菌苗的对照鱼相比,受免鱼头肾和血液中吞噬细胞的吞噬活性明显上升,活菌攻毒的结果也证明了受免斑点叉尾鮰对C.columnaris,A.hydrophila和E.ictaluri产生了不同程度的相对免疫保护率(RPS)。     

DBD技术处理鱼粉厂恶臭气体的研究

为了去除鱼粉加工中产生的大量恶臭气体,利用DBD低温等离子体技术对硫化氢和三甲胺进行去除,并在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,考察了电压、放电频率、处理时间、初始浓度及其交互作用对硫化氢和三甲胺去除率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化所得的最佳工艺条件为:电压10.6k V,放电频率8.91KHz,处理时间0.26s,硫化氢初始浓度0.76mg·m-3,三甲胺初始浓度为19.8mg·m-3。此条件下硫化氢和三甲胺的去除率均可达100%,能耗为1.77×10-2KW·h·m-3;同时,验证试验结果与模型预测值吻合。本研究为DBD技术在鱼粉厂去除恶臭气体中的应用奠定了基础。     

盐胁迫对裸果木幼苗光合特性的影响

本研究以一年生裸果木幼苗为材料，采用盆栽育苗方式，设计7个不同浓度NaCl溶液（CK、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0% 和1.2%）模拟盐分胁迫，测定分析了其叶片气体交换参数、光响应曲线及叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明：随着盐浓度的增加，叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均呈下降趋势，NaCl浓度≥0.4%时，各处理P_n、G_s和T_r均显著低于CK；气孔限制值（L_s）和瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）随盐浓度增加呈先升后降趋势，胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）呈相反趋势，NaCl浓度为0.4%时，L_s达到最大值，而C_i达到最小值，说明P_n下降以气孔限制因素为主，而当NaCl浓度≥0.6%时，以非气孔限制为主要因素。随着盐胁迫程度的增大，最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）、光饱和点（L_SP）、表观量子效率（A_QY）逐渐降低，光补偿点（L_CP）逐渐增加，表明盐分抑制了幼苗对光的吸收、利用和转换能力。叶片PSII潜在活性（F_v/F₀）、原初光能转化效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率（Φ_PSII）、电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学猝灭系数（q_p）随着盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势；非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）在≤0.4%NaCl处理下较CK显著增加，盐浓度≥0.8%时，NPQ显著下降。基质的NaCl浓度在0.2%和0.4%时，裸果木叶片P_n、F_v/F₀、F_v/F_m下降不显著，WUE有所提高，PSII系统可以通过耗散过剩的光能保护光合机构，表现出一定的耐盐性；但盐浓度超过0.6%时，光合生态幅变窄，光合机构受到明显破坏，显著抑制了光合作用能力。     

试析我国农业机械化发展应对措施

农业机械是农业生产力的重要内容,也是解放生产力的重要途径,根据多年的工作经验,文章详细分析了我国机械化发展的现状,并论述了我国机械化遇到的制约因素,最后提出相应的措施.     

水分胁迫对常见绿化植物苗木光响应特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究正常供水(黎明前小枝水势ψ-0.8MPa)和中度水分胁迫(-2.5MPaψ-3.5MPa)条件下,3种生活型绿化植物苗木光响应特性。结果表明:3种生活型苗木光响应曲线均与非直角双曲线接近;在正常供水条件下,乔木、灌木和攀援植物苗木的最大光合速率(Pnmax)分别为10.44、11.17、16.40μmol·m-2·s-1,表观光合量子效率(AQ,Y)分别为0.066、0.045、0.037,暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别为0.56、1.47、1.51μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点(LC,P)分别为17、33、46μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LS,P)分别为336、358、612μmol·m-2·s-1;土壤水分胁迫能显著降低乔木、灌木和攀援植物苗木的Pnmax、AQ,Y,而对Rd无显著影响,LS,P和LC,P的变化因种类而不同。在土壤水分胁迫条件下,灌木表现出较高的光合活性,其Pnmax、AQ,Y和Rd值均比乔木和攀援植物高,表明灌木苗木对土壤水分的生态适应能力较强。     

巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨的耐饥能力及饥饿对二者捕食朱砂叶螨功能的影响

试验温度25℃条件下，室内测定我国农作物害虫的常用生物防治剂—巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes和尼氏真绥螨Euseius nicholsi Ehara et Lee的耐饥能力，以及定量分析不同饥饿程度对两种捕食螨捕食朱砂叶螨的功能反应和捕食速度的影响。研究结果表明：两种捕食螨各螨态的耐饥时间与发育历期呈显著正相关（P﹤0.05）。各螨态的阶段存活率与存活时间之间的关系均可用二次抛物线拟合。根据饥饿半致死和致死时间（T50和T95），巴氏新小绥螨的耐饥能力明显强于尼氏真绥螨。除巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨的耐饥性存活曲线呈拱形外，两种捕食螨其它螨态的耐饥性存活曲线均呈凹形。不同饥饿程度的两种捕食螨雌成螨捕食朱砂叶螨若螨的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型，饥饿程度不能改变它们的捕食功能反应类型，但可使功能反应模型的各参数值发生较大改变。饥饿24 h的巴氏新小绥螨和尼氏真绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨若螨的捕食作用主要集中在取食的前8 h阶段，而未经饥饿处理的两种捕食螨雌成螨在开始捕食的24 h内各阶段的捕食速度变化不大。因此，饥饿处理对两种捕食螨雌成螨的捕食作用有明显影响。     

Response of rice to sulphur application under upland conditions

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine the S response and the plant S content of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars OS‐6 and IR‐20 grown in sandy Apomu soil series under upland conditions.

Sulphur application increased growth and dry matter yield. At low S rates OS‐6 gave higher grain yield than IR‐20. With high S rates, OS‐6 responded more in straw production. The leaf S content was highest during early growth and decreased with plant age. At flower emergence, the blade of the Y‐leaf appeared to be a suitable index for measuring the S status of the plant. The critical S level was estimated at 0.15%. The critical S levels in the grain and straw at harvest were estimated respectively at 0.12%, and 0.10%. The N/S ratios for the grain and straw at harvest appeared not to be a useful index for determining the critical S status of the plant.     

Effects of dietary β-carotene on the immune response of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

SUMMARY: We attempt to assess the impact of different levels of dietary β-carotene on immune function in rainbow trout. Semi-purified diets containing 0, 40, 200, and 400 mg β-carotene/kg dry diet were fed for 12 weeks to fish with average weight of 45 g. In addition to the humoral and cellular immune parameters, growth and feed utilization were examined. There were no marked differences in growth and feed utilization showing that β-carotene was not particularly efficient in enhancing growth of rainbow trout. Of the immune parameters measured, total immunoglobulin was significantly highest for the 200 mg β-carotene fed group. Serum complement activity (alternate pathway) at 200 and 400 mg β-carotene supplementation was significantly higher than that of the unsupplemented group. An increasing trend in lysozyme activity was observed, however, the differences among the groups were not significant. Phagocytic activity was similar among diet groups except at the highest level of supplementation where it was the maximum. Oxygen radical production by peripheral blood leukocytes appeared to be lower at higher levels of carotenoid supplementation. Overall, dietary β-carotene clearly enhanced immune response parameters in rainbow trout such as serum complement activity and total plasma immunoglobulin but did not show a definite influence for the other factors examined in the present study.