巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨的田间防效试验

以柑桔全爪螨为防治对象,在柑桔全爪螨自然发生程度较轻、中等和严重的柑桔果园中,采用巴氏新小绥螨进行处理,评价释放不同数量的巴氏新小绥螨对不同虫口基数下的柑桔全爪螨的防治效果。结果表明：３个释放密度(1000、2000、3000头/株)的巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨种群均有较好的防治效果,最高虫口减退率及防效均在85%以上。柑桔全爪螨发生程度较轻的区域,释放巴氏新小绥螨防效从高到低分别为3000头/株>2000>头/株>1000头/株;发生程度中等的区域,释放巴氏新小绥螨3000头/株与2000头/株防效相当,高于1000头/株;发生程度严重的区域,释放捕食螨后7-21天,防效较为稳定,但21天后,各处理的防效值波动较大。综合生防成本与防效,推荐释放量为2000头/株,且在危害程度较轻和中等时释放巴氏新小绥螨持效期长、防效更为稳定。     

杀虫剂螨危的亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨种群参数的影响

朱砂叶螨是桑树的主要害虫之一。从避免过度使用农药造成环境污染和控制害螨的抗性发展的角度,研究了杀虫剂螨危的亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨敏感种群生存与繁殖能力的影响。分别用质量浓度为1.25、2.5、5、10、40 mg/L的螨危药液处理雌成螨,48 h后的存活率分别为96%、83%、81%、75%、48%;药液对雌成螨和卵的致死中浓度(LC50)分别是35.005 mg/L和0.690 mg/L,卵的敏感性明显高于雌成螨。与对照组相比,随螨危药液处理浓度增高,雌成螨的7 d总产卵量和孵化率呈下降趋势;用10、5、2.5、1.25 mg/L药液处理后朱砂叶螨种群的瞬时增长率(ri)分别是-0.083、0.142、0.214、0.298,而对照组为0.544,有效中浓度(EC50)值为1.627 mg/L。研究结果表明,用低于推荐使用浓度(40 mg/L)的螨危药液就能有效控制朱砂叶螨种群的增长。     

杀螨剂“克螨特”亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨实验种群生命参数的影响

为了科学合理地使用桑园杀虫剂,采用Jackkn ife统计推断技术,在16 L、(30±1)℃、RH 75%±10%,8D、(20±1)℃、RH 65%±15%的条件下,对寄主为桑树的朱砂叶螨种群水平上的亚致死效应进行了研究。朱砂叶螨成螨经杀螨剂“克螨特”亚致死剂量(60.83 mg/L)处理后,成螨寿命降低,雌螨总产卵量显著低于对照组;处理组内禀增长率(0.272 0±0.007 5)也显著低于对照组(0.338 6±0.005 5)。     

温度对拟小食螨瓢虫捕食芒果小爪螨功能反应的影响

为探明拟小食螨瓢虫对芒果小爪螨的控制潜能,开展了16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃恒温条件下拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对芒果小爪螨成虫的功能反应研究。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,各温度下的功能反应均能用HollingⅡ型圆盘方程拟合,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在差异;以瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间为评价指标,拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫对芒果小爪螨成螨的捕食效能随温度的上升而提高,32℃时达到最高,此时的瞬时攻击率和捕食处理时间分别为0.9186和0.0221 d。以软件Surfer11.0生成了芒果小爪螨成螨密度和温度组合下的拟小食螨瓢虫雌成虫捕食量模拟值等值线图,反映出在温度为28℃～32℃时,猎物密度为40～50头,被捕食的猎物数达到最大值。表明较高温度有利于拟小食螨瓢虫发挥对芒果小爪螨成螨的控制作用。     

桂林地区柑橘全爪螨对几种杀螨剂抗药性分析

为了解近期桂林地区柑橘全爪螨抗药性发展情况,本文采用浸叶法调查了柑橘全爪螨对几种杀螨剂的抗药性,结果表明,对尼索朗,柑橘全爪螨卵抗性倍数为中抗水平,若螨抗性为低抗水平,雌成螨敏感性降低水平;对四螨嗪,柑橘全爪螨卵、若螨、雌成螨均处于低抗水平;对阿维菌素,柑橘全爪螨卵为低抗水平阶段,若螨和雌成螨处于敏感性降低水平;对克螨特和乙螨唑,柑橘全爪螨卵、若螨、雌成螨均没有产生抗性。由于尼索朗、四螨嗪、乙螨唑同属螨虫生长抑制剂,而尼索朗和四螨嗪已出现抗性,可以考虑乙螨唑-阿维菌素-克螨特轮换使用。     

用生物鉴定法对不同桑品种抗感朱砂叶螨关系再探讨

近年通过3次4批对桐乡青、湖桑7号、湖桑32号等20多个桑品种用生物鉴定法对各品种抗感朱砂叶螨的关系进行再探讨,从各品种对朱砂叶螨发育速率、生存率和繁殖力(每雌平均产卵量)3个主要指标综合分析,结果仍以桐乡青、湖桑7号、新一之濑等桑品种具有较好的抗螨特性。而鸡桑、湖桑32号、北场1号等桑品种易感螨害。     

联苯肼酯悬浮剂的杀螨活性测试及对家蚕的安全性评价

联苯肼酯是用于农作物害螨防治的一种新型选择性叶面喷雾杀螨剂。以43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂(SC)供试,采用叶碟喷雾法测定药剂对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的室内毒性,采用食下毒叶法测定药剂对家蚕的急性毒性和桑园施药后的残留毒性。43%联苯肼酯SC对2种害螨的成螨、若螨和螨卵均具有较高的杀灭活性,48 h LC_(50)值分别为4.93和3.38 mg/L、0.75和1.90mg/L、18.61和11.85 mg/L,其中对朱砂叶螨成螨和若螨的毒力分别为其对螨卵毒力的3.78和24.81倍,对二斑叶螨成螨和若螨的毒力则分别是对螨卵毒力的3.51和6.24倍。43%联苯肼酯SC对家蚕3龄起蚕48 h的LC_(50)和LC_(90)值分别为1 063.36和3 523.77 mg/L,属于低毒级农药(LC_(50)200 mg/L);桑树喷施143.33~573.33 mg/L药液后14 d采摘桑叶养蚕,对家蚕的龄期经过、眠蚕体质量、全茧量、茧层量、茧层率等均无明显影响。依据试验结果确定,43%联苯肼酯SC可以用于桑园内朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的防治,建议田间施用联苯肼酯143.33 mg/L药液对家蚕的安全间隔期定为10 d,286.67~573.33 mg/L药液对家蚕的安全间隔期定为14 d。     

乙螨唑对柑橘全爪螨的室内毒力测定

测定了乙螨唑等五种杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、幼螨和卵的室内毒杀活性，结果表明，乙螨唑对柑橘全爪螨雌成螨、幼螨具有很高的触杀毒力， LC50值分别为41.3 ug/ml和22.5 ug/ml，不及阿维菌素毒力 （LC50值分别为9.4ug/ml和11.3ug/ml）；；乙螨唑对卵的毒杀活性是23.5ug/ml，是常用杀螨剂阿维菌素、尼索朗的1.6倍。此研究为乙螨唑在柑橘生产中的广泛使用提供了参考。     

不同桑品种组织结构与抗感染朱砂叶螨和桑始叶螨关系初步研究

通过对31个桑品种叶组织徒手切片和朱砂叶螨、桑始叶螨口器制片及两种害螨口针长度显微计测,结果得出朱砂叶螨口针长度为72.60μm,桑始叶螨口针为60.60μm;桑叶“下表皮+海绵组织”厚度超过朱砂叶螨口针长度的有桐乡青、湖桑7号、湖桑197等14个品种,超过桑始叶螨口针长度的除上述14个品种外,尚有小官桑、湖桑199、大红皮等8个品种,这些品种在相同的生态环境下,具有较强的抗螨特性。相反“桑叶下表皮+海绵组织”厚度短于朱砂叶螨和桑始叶螨口针的,如湖桑32号、鸡桑、育2号、中桑5801等品种易受螨害。     

葎草提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究

在28℃、60%～80%RH、16L∶8D的实验条件下研究了葎草乙醇和水提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。结果表明,葎草乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨有较强的触杀作用,80g/L浓度的提取物平均死亡率高达91.11%,80g/L浓度的水提物下平均死亡率51.11%;乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨有较强的驱避作用,在浓度为10g/L的醇提物下驱避率达60%,醇提效果优于水提;乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨成螨产卵量有较强的抑制作用,在浓度为10g/L的醇提物和水提物下,减少率分别为62.39%与47.93%。研究结果有助于朱砂叶螨的综合治理。     

葡萄上杀虫、杀菌剂登记和使用现状分析及建议

基于我国农药信息网数据和新修订的《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763 — 2021）中葡萄相关指标,结合葡萄生产实际,对我国葡萄上农药登记的现状及生产中农药的应用情况进行梳理,指出了存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应建议,以期为我国葡萄的安全生产提供参考。     

Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society

Surgical sterilization of dogs and cats is a well-accepted measure for population control in some countries, but is considered unethical as an elective surgery in other countries. This is a review of what is known regarding positive and negative effects of gonadectomy surgery on individual animals and on societal management of unowned dog and cat populations.     

硅藻土共固定化淀粉酶和糖化酶的研究

以糖化酶和α-淀粉酶为双酶体系、硅藻土为载体,用吸附法同时固定了这两种酶,得到的最适的共固定化条件为硅藻土(g):糖化酶(U):淀粉酶(U)=1:100:160,pH值4.5～5.0,温度5～15℃左右,缓冲液为柠檬酸缓冲液。共固定化酶的性质为:最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为55℃;米氏常数Km=16.830mg/ml;最大反应速率Vmax=1.500mg(/ml·min),其稳定性良好。     

受精素在精卵结合与融合中作用的研究进展

哺乳动物的受精过程是一个十分复杂的动态过程,在这一过程中,精子表面的膜蛋白发挥着重要作用。受精素α和β是精子表面的膜蛋白,也是精子表面的特异性抗原。研究发现小鼠和人的受精素基因分别位于5号和8号染色体,只在睾丸中特异性表达。受精素β在精子成熟前分布于整个头部,要在附睾成熟后受精素只分布于头后部区域。受精素β基因敲除的小鼠精子与卵细胞的结合能力明显下降,特异性抗体的抑制作用及合成肽竞争性抑制作用可以抑制精卵结合。受精素β通过去整合素与卵细胞表面的整合素结合,在精卵细胞的结合中发挥着重要的作用。精卵质膜的融合主要是由Izumo蛋白完成。     

血根碱药理及毒理作用的研究进展

血根碱(sanguinarine)作为一种苯菲啶异喹啉类生物碱,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、改善肝功能及诱导细胞凋亡等作用,同时对肝脏、心脏等具有一定的毒性。作者就血根碱对细菌、真菌和癌细胞的药理作用及毒性作一综述,为该药在临床中的有效合理应用奠定基础。     

槟榔碱提取分离工艺的研究及其含量测定

用稀盐酸从槟榔生药中提取槟榔碱（Arecoline）,将提取物依次用乙醚、高浓度酒精溶解过滤,然后和适量的氢溴酸反应制成氢溴酸盐,用薄层层析鉴定氢溴酸槟榔碱,用高效液相测定其含量,熔点熔程法鉴定纯度。结果稀盐酸提取法提取槟榔碱在成本和提取率方面均明显优于高浓度酒精提取法。     

呕吐毒素对动物肠道结构与功能影响研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)对食物和饲料的污染已成为全球化的问题,人们也逐渐开始重视饲料污染物DON对动物机体造成的影响。随着科学的不断发展,DON神秘的面纱已被逐渐揭开。近年来的研究证实了随饲料经消化道进入动物机体的DON,在通过改变肠道组织形态学,影响肠道功能的同时,也可通过改变肠道营养物质运输载体、紧密链接蛋白、mRNA转录以及某些炎性物质等的表达,影响肠道营养吸收作用、屏障功能、免疫功能以及渗透作用等,最终导致动物机体产生营养不良、腹泻、呕吐和肠道炎症等不良反应。研究还表明,不同情况下DON对不同的动物肠道可以产生不同的影响。     

Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits

A total of 260 New Zealand White growing rabbits were used to study the effect of diet on chemical composition of cecal contents and on production and composition of soft and hard feces. Eight diets varying in their acid detergent fiber (9.8% to 32.7%) and starch (13% to 30%) levels were evaluated. The diet affected (P less than .01) all the variables studied, except dry matter (DM) and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids on cecal contents. An increase of dietary crude fiber increased crude fiber level in cecal contents (from 11.58% to 26.53%). However, a relatively lower proportion of fibrous material was found in the cecal contents when rabbits were fed the more fibrous diets. This suggests that dietary fiber has a direct influence on the efficiency of particle separation in the digestive tract. Crude protein and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents decreased (from 30.14% to 19.65% and from 47.8 to 36.7 mmol/liter, respectively) when dietary crude fiber increased. This could be related to availability of energy to cecal microorganisms. Ammonia concentration of cecal contents was not affected by dietary crude fiber. Daily production of soft feces varied from 14.98 to 29.59 g DM/d, and the contribution of soft feces to total DM and to crude protein intake ranged from 10.6% to 15.0% and from 12.8% to 20.5%, respectively; these values were the smallest and the largest for the least and the most fibrous diets, respectively. From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied.     

Effect of egg composition on hatchability and on growth and slaughter characteristics of meat-type chicks

1.?Using the so-called TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity) method, which allows the determination of egg composition in vivo, correlations between egg composition, hatchability and hatched chicks’ development were studied.

2.?A total of 1500 hen eggs (Ross-308) were measured by TOBEC, and eggs with extremely high (10%, n = 150), extremely low (10%, n = 150) and average (10%, n = 150) electrical conductivity values were chosen for further investigation.

3.?During the incubation period, it was observed that eggs with high electrical conductivity had a significantly higher mortality than eggs with low electrical conductivity.

4.?It was observed that both the increase in electrical conductivity at the same egg weight, and the increase in egg weight at the same electrical conductivity resulted in an increase in the hatching weight.

5.?It was found that the dry matter, protein and fat content of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was higher at hatching than that of the chicks hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

6.?At 42 d of age the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was 3·2 and 8·2% higher than the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

7.?Because of the higher liveweight at slaughter, there was a significant superiority of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity in the case of the examined carcase traits at slaughter.

8.?Similar tendencies were found also in the ratios of carcase variables to liveweight, but the between group differences were not statistically significant in this case.

9.?Based on the results it was concluded that TOBEC seems to be a useful method for separating eggs with different composition.

10.?This could be a good starting point for further in vivo investigations in order to clarify the effect of egg composition on hatchability and further development.