Effects of vertical distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen on root growth and subsequent nitrogen uptake by field vegetable crops

Information is needed about root growth and N uptake of crops under different soil conditions to increase nitrogen use efficiency in horticultural production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if differences in vertical distribution of soil nitrogen (N_inorg) affected root growth and N uptake of a variety of horticultural crops. Two field experiments were performed each over 2 years with shallow or deep placement of soil N_inorg obtained by management of cover crops. Vegetable crops of leek, potato, Chinese cabbage, beetroot, summer squash and white cabbage reached root depths of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.9 and more than 2.4 m, respectively, at harvest, and showed rates of root depth penetration from 0.2 to 1.5 mm day^?1 °C^?1. Shallow placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater N uptake in the shallow‐rooted leek and potato. Deep placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater rates of root depth penetration in the deep‐rooted Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage, which increased their depth by 0.2–0.4 m. The root frequency was decreased in shallow soil layers (white cabbage) and increased in deep soil layers (Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage). The influence of vertical distribution of soil N_inorg on root distribution and capacity for depletion of soil N_inorg was much less than the effect of inherent differences between species. Thus, knowledge about differences in root growth between species should be used when designing crop rotations with high N use efficiency.     

灌溉量和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响，通过设置40 mm（W1）和60 mm（W2）两个灌水水平下不施氮肥（N0）、施用氮肥（U）、氮肥+硝化抑制剂（U+DCD）、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂（U+NBPT）、氮肥+双效抑制剂（U+N+D）5种氮肥施用措施，开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明：相较于施用氮肥处理，氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%，其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量，前者效果最优。相比于W1，W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长，构建模糊综合评价体系，得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。     

杨树苗木叶硝酸还原酶活力的初步研究

硝酸还原酶是植物体内氮素代谢的关键酶。植物从外界环境中吸收的硝酸盐需要经过一系列酶促反应才能转化成氨基酸和蛋白质,以供生长需要。硝酸还原酶是这个代谢过程中的第一个酶,也是个限速酶,其活力的高低与植物同化NO_3~--N的能力和速度有直接关系。汤玉玮等的研究发现,硝酸还原酶活力与作物的耐肥性呈负相关,并在综述国内外有关研究文献中指出,该酶可以做为作物育种和营养诊断的生化指标。     

砂基栽培中磷素淋失防治研究进展

砂基栽培中的磷素淋溶损失不仅造成肥料利用率降低、农业生产成本上升,还能引起地下和地表水体富营养化。在综合中外有关文献的基础上,阐述了砂基栽培磷素淋溶问题的提出、影响磷素淋溶的因子、防治方法,并对砂基栽培磷素淋溶及其防治作了展望。     

建筑材用防腐剂配方及其化学性能的试验

我国CCA系列配方与英国CCA(Tanalith C,Celcure K33)的对比试验表明:我国CCA_3、CCA_6配方抗流失和对金属腐蚀效果接近英国产品;砷含量范围低于美国CCA—C型;国产原料配制的CCA_(S)抗流失和对金属腐蚀性较好。浸渍处理试验显示,CCA类防腐剂宜采用加压法。PPA油性防腐剂中的五氯酚溶解度、抗“霜”、油漆性能良好;CCB宜于处理门窗及室内木结构。表层化学浸渍处理可使硼在木材中的保留率提高到60—70%。     

Nitrogen uptake from 15N-enriched fertilizer by four tree crops in an Amazonian agroforest

Mixed tree cropping systems have been proposed for sustainable nutrient management in the humid tropics. Yet, the nutrient interactions between intercropped trees have not been addressed sufficiently. In the present study we compare the temporal and spatial patterns of the uptake of applied ¹⁵N by four different tree crops in a mixed tree cropping system on a Xanthic Ferralsol in central Amazônia, Brazil, during one year. Most of the N uptake occurred during the first two weeks. Very little N was recovered by peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), more by cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and annatto (Bixa orellana) and most by Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). Due to tree pruning the total accumulation of applied ¹⁵N in the above-ground biomass of annatto decreased throughout the year. It remained constant in cupuassu and peach palm and increased in Brazil nut. Brazil nut showed an extensive root activity and took up more fertilizer N applied to neighboring trees than from the one applied under its own canopy in contrast to the other three tree crops. Therefore, trees with wide-spread root systems may not need to receive N fertilizer directly but can take up N applied to other trees in the mixed cropping system. This means that such trees may effectively decrease N leaching when intercropped with trees that have dormant periods or places with low N uptake, but also exert considerable resource competition.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杉木林土壤微生物区系对短期模拟氮沉降的响应

通过模拟氮沉降试验(设置2种氮形态5种施氮水平(N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别代表0、20、40、60、80 kg·hm-2·a-1,共10个处理)研究杉木林土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明:沉降第1年,高氮处理对微生物数量的影响较显著,氮处理时微生物数量的变化波动较大;沉降1年后,各处理的变化规律稳定,波动较小。12月份各处理间微生物数量和细菌数量变化幅度较小、氮处理对其影响不显著,故不宜在12月采集土样。氮沉降量影响微生物总量,总体而言低氮处理促进微生物生长,最高氮处理抑制微生物生长,NH4+-N2或N3和NO3--N3处理微生物总量最多。不同微生物类群对氮沉降形态和沉降量的响应不同,土壤细菌的变化规律和微生物数量的变化规律一致,低氮处理时,硝态氮处理对细菌数量生长的影响大于铵态氮处理,2种形态氮的N2或N3处理细菌数量最大。铵态氮比硝态氮更易影响真菌的生长,且NH4+-N1和NO3--N3处理真菌数量最多。不同氮沉降形态对放线菌数量影响显著,沉降1年后高氮沉降量对放线菌生长略有促进作用。     

几种树种水浸液对杉木叶片硝酸还原酶的效应

采用完全随机区组设计,用马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)、木荷(Schimasuperba)、赤楠(Syzygiubuxifolium)、杉木(Cunninghamialanceolata)的枝叶1∶6浓度水浸液和清水共5个不同处理浇灌盆栽的杉木幼苗,2a后对其叶片的硝酸还原酶活性进行测定。结果表明,经过几种杉木伴生种水浸液处理2a后杉木的硝酸还原酶活性比杉木水浸液及清水处理的有较大程度的提高,其中经过马尾松水浸液处理的杉木叶片的硝酸还原酶活性最高,而经杉木枝叶水浸液处理的硝酸还原酶活性最低。