柴油喷雾燃烧火焰内部碳烟采集与分析

为研究碳烟颗粒在柴油喷雾火焰内部的演变规律,在可视化定容弹喷雾燃烧系统中增加一种基于热泳原理的碳烟颗粒采集装置,获得了喷雾燃烧火焰内部的碳烟颗粒样本,并在高倍透射电镜下获得样本中不同尺度的碳烟形态图像。根据图像中碳烟宏观和微观形态结构特征分析了碳烟生成、聚合等演变历程。通过自行开发的图像处理程序,分析得到碳烟颗粒尺寸参数随喷射距离的变化特征。研究表明,该方法实现柴油机缸内高温高压特征环境下碳烟颗粒的采集与高倍电镜分析技术的有机结合,有效获取柴油喷雾火焰内部碳烟颗粒微观信息,为减少柴油机碳烟排放提供了重要研究手段和基础研究信息。     

催化微燃烧室内氢气和氧气预混合燃烧特性

针对带催化的微燃烧室内部氢氧预混合燃烧过程,利用CFD计算软件建立模型进行数值模拟,在实验验证的基础上改变入口参数,分析了表面反应与气相反应的相互作用以及催化反应对火焰吹熄极限的影响。结果表明,表面反应对气相反应中间产物的消耗会使气相反应强度减弱;在催化剂表面附近的反应以表面反应为主,在远离催化剂表面的反应以气相反应为主。催化剂的添加能够极大地拓宽火焰吹熄极限,在当量比为1.0时,催化燃烧室和无催化燃烧室的吹熄极限分别为46、22 m/s。在当量比为1.0时,表面反应强度最高,此时燃烧室出口截面温度最高。     

Seasonal dynamics of bioenergy characteristics in grassland functional groups

Semi‐natural grasslands (SNG) are considered as bioenergy resources, either for combustion or for biogas production. To provide information on the seasonal (June–August) dynamics of herbage quantity and chemical composition, we studied the effects of factors on the proportions of four plant functional groups, chemical composition and total biomass yield at twelve sites representing three Estonian SNG types. Biomass yield increased only in alluvial meadows with the largest contribution of sedges/rushes (39%). Grasses dominated in dry‐to‐mesic meadows (62%) and other forbs in wooded meadows (55%). Concentration of fibre was highest in grasses and sedges/rushes (682 and 645 g NDF kg^?1), and lignin was highest in legumes and other forbs (103 and 113 g kg^?1). Legumes contained more C and N (447 and 25 g kg^?1) and grasses more Cl (1 g kg^?1). The highest concentrations of Mg, K and ash were in other forbs (4, 18 and 80 g kg^?1), and Ca in legumes (16 g kg^?1). The results are discussed in the context of suitability of different functional groups and SNG types for bioenergy conversion. Grasses and sedge‐/rush‐rich biomass are considered suitable for methane production. Biomass harvesting in July and minimizing the problems with N and Cl during combustion need to be considered. Forb‐rich biomass should be pre‐treated before direct combustion.     

影响能源植物产量和燃烧质量的农田管理因素

随着经济的快速发展,化石燃料短缺日益成为困扰国际社会的重大问题。开发利用生物质能源植物是解决能源危机的有效途径之一。能源植物的产量和燃烧质量是决定其能量产出的关键;然而,国内尚未见有关能源植物生产影响因素的系统分析和报道。该文在分析生物质能源植物的特性、类型和燃烧质量的基础上,结合近年来国内外能源植物的相关研究,重点讨论了水分、养分和收获时间等农田生产措施对能源植物产量和燃烧质量的影响,以期为中国生物质能源植物的生产管理提供参考。     

Numerical simulation of the influences of catalytic wall on methane combustion characteristics in micro combustor

In order to study the effects of different catalytic walls on combustion characteristics, the premixed catalytic combustion characteristics of methane/air in micro combustor are studied. It lays the foundation for the combustion technology of hydrocarbon fuel in micro engine. Numerical simulation of flow and catalytic combustion in micro combustor was done by using laminar finite rate and second order upwind discretization methods. The results show that when wall temperature,CH4/O2 mole ratio and methane mass flow rate change, the influence of lower catalytic wall on the methane catalytic combustion efficiency is biggest, followed by side catalytic wall, the smallest is upper catalytic wall. The methane catalytic combustion efficiency unit area of lower catalytic wall is about three times of that of upper catalytic wall. The utilization of catalyst on lower catalytic wall is maximal . Therefore, when coating catalyst, the quantity of katalyst on lower catalytic wall should be appropriate more, moderate on the side catalytic wall, as little as possible on the upper catalytic wall. The influence disciplinarian and contribution rate of different catalytic wall on methane combustion have been gained. The optimized strategy of catalyst coating was put forward and reduced the cost of catalytic combustion.     

旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型在转子发动机三维流场模拟中的应用

以商业软件FLUENT为平台,采用考虑转子发动机旋转修正的k-ε湍流模型,编制并加入自定义UDF程序.通过对FLUENT软件进行二次开发,实现转子发动机工作区域网格的动态更新.考虑转子与缸体间漏气,对冷拖动工况下转子发动机内部三维湍流流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果揭示了转子发动机内部流场的分布特征和规律,为转子发动机的性能预测及优化设计提供了技术依据.     

添加剂对稻秆燃烧过程中碱金属形态分布的影响

采用化学热平衡分析方法对稻秆燃烧过程中碱金属K的化学形态及其分布,以及添加Al,Si,S,P,Ca等元素对稻秆燃烧过程中碱金属的化学形态分布的影响进行了研究.结果表明,在稻秆中加添加Al或同时添加Al和Si,可以避免稻秆燃烧过程中发生结渣和沉积问题.温度低于900℃燃烧时添加S或温度低于1 100℃添加P.可有效的缓解稻秆中碱金属引起的结渣和聚团问题.系统中Ca的增加可有效的抑制碱金属引起的结渣和聚团问题,但有可能增加其引起的沉积和腐蚀问题.而Si的增加使K以液态形式存在的摩尔百分比增加,导致底灰聚团的现象加重.     

标定工况柴油机燃用小油桐油料的循环波动研究

在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上针对不同的小油桐油料进行了标定工况试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力与高压油管燃油压力,对比分析了喷油与燃烧过程中各参数的循环波动。结果发现,小油桐油的喷油始点比柴油迟1°CA,喷油持续期相当,最高喷油压力要高出近5 MPa;滞燃期比柴油缩短约3°CA,燃烧始点早于柴油约2°CA,燃烧压力升高率明显比燃用柴油时低,最高燃烧压力也低于柴油。在循环波动上,柴油的滞燃期、燃烧始点均较稳定。燃用加热后的小油桐油平均指示压力的波动率较低,其燃烧过程,特别是后燃期较为稳定。     

炉灶一体式生物质气化炉灶头的结构设计及燃烧热性能测试

针对炉灶一体式生物质气化炉燃气压力小、低位热值偏低的特点,设计了与气化反应器配套使用的灶头装置,并对该灶头进行了燃烧热性能测试。试验结果表明:该灶头可保证生物质燃气稳定燃烧,二次风流量为0.0128m3/min时,热效率高达36.58%,火力强度高达2.85kW,且无回火和黄烟现象产生。     

山核桃等3类果蓬原料机制炭燃烧性能分析

利用TG-DTG-DSC热分析联用技术,对油茶Camellia oleifera,板栗Castanea mollissima和山核桃Carya cathayensis等3类果蓬制备的机制炭燃烧性能分析结果表明:3类果蓬机制炭燃烧失重开始所需的温度分别为435.4,448.1和412.3 ℃,较马尾松Pinus massoniana和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata为原料制备的普通机制炭519.8 ℃低71.7~107.5 ℃,燃烧速率曲线峰值和峰值温度、放热曲线的峰值和相应的峰值温度均表现为普通机制炭＞油茶、板栗果蓬机制炭＞山核桃果蓬机制炭,即果蓬类机制炭可燃性优于普通机制炭;着火温度、最大释热量、最大燃烧速率和着火后最大失重速率及其相应温度5个参数大小排列均呈现为普通机制炭＞板栗果蓬机制炭＞油茶果蓬机制炭＞山核桃果蓬机制炭,其中山核桃果蓬机制炭着火温度408.6 ℃,较普通机制炭504.4 ℃低95.8 ℃,普通机制炭最大释热量95.12 Wg－1,比最大释热量分别为87.76,92.07,84.82 Wg－1的果蓬类机制炭高3.05 ~ 10.30 Wg－1,即生产中可以通过调节果蓬原料的添加量制备不同着火温度和燃烧特性的机制炭。图4表2参12