中亚干旱区土壤地球化学和环境

首先论述了中亚干旱区的土壤形成环境和土壤地球化学特点,剖析了该区广泛分布的盐渍土、石膏土和碳酸盐土的成土特点和地球化学元素分异规律;根据当前土地利用中面临的土壤退化和环境问题,提出了若干因地制宜的利用土壤资源战略的建议。同时,还对加强我国和中亚5国学术交流,促进互利共赢提出了建议。     

章丘大葱生产基地硒元素的生态地球化学研究（英文）

利用局部生态地球化学调查评价成果,对章丘地区大葱产地内土壤中的硒进行了系统研究,分析了表层土壤及大葱中硒的生态地球化学特征,探讨了植物中硒含量同土壤硒含量的关系。研究表明,章丘地区土壤中硒含量充足,适宜发展特色富硒大葱。     

Stoichiometry of base cations and silicon during weathering of a deep soil profile derived from granite

Evaluation of the stoichiometry of base cations (BCs, including K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) and silicon (Si) (BCs:Si) during soil mineral weathering is essential to accurately quantify soil acidification rates. The aim of this study was to explore the differences and influencing factors of BCs:Si values of different soil genetic horizons in a deep soil profile derived from granite with different extents of mineral weathering. Soil type was typic acidi-udic Argosol. Soil samples were collected from Guangzhou, China, which is located in a subtropical region. To ensure that the BCs and Si originated from the mineral weathering process, soil exchangeable BCs were washed with an elution treatment. The BCs:Si values during weathering were obtained through a simulated acid rain leaching experiment using the batch method. Results showed that soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties varied from the surface horizon to saprolite in the soil profile. The BCs:Si values of soil genetic horizons during weathering were 0.3-3.7. The BCs:Si value was 1.7 in the surface horizon (A), 1.1-3.7 in the argillic horizon (Bt), and 0.3-0.4 in the cambic (Bw) and transition (BC) horizons, as well as in horizon C (saprolite). The general pattern of BCs:Si values in the different horizons was as follows: Bt > A > Bw, BC, and C. Although BCs:Si values were influenced by weathering intensity, they did not correlate with the chemical index of alteration (CIA). The release amounts of Si and BCs are the joined impact of soil mineral composition and physical and chemical properties. A comprehensive analysis showed that the BCs:Si values of the soil derived from granite in this study were a combined result of the following factors: soil clay, feldspar, kaolinite, organic matter, pH, and CIA. The main controlling factors of BCs:Si in soils of different parent material types require extensive research. The wide variance of BCs:Si values in the deep soil profile indicated that H⁺ consumed by soil mineral weathering was very dissimilar in the soils with different weathering intensities derived from the same parent material. Therefore, the estimation of the soil acidification rate based on H⁺ biogeochemistry should consider the specific BCs:Si value.     

出生缺陷高发区土壤微量元素含量特征的空间信息分析

    从土壤元素含量分布与出生缺陷发生率高低的相关性入手,探讨出生缺陷高发区土壤元素含量的异常特征,为筛选诱发出生缺陷的敏感因子提供科学依据和新的途径.选取出生缺陷高发的山西省中阳和交口两县为研究区,根据流行病调查路线和村镇,逐村采集土壤样品,分析测定土壤样品中Al、As、Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Pb、Se、Sn、Sr、V、Zn等16种元素含量.运用ArcGIS 9.0软件,绘制研究区内96个采样点的出生缺陷发生率和土壤中16种元素含量分布的专题图,并进行Kriging插值和叠加分析.结果显示,出生缺陷发生率高低的空间变异趋势与土壤元素含量分布趋势具有一定的相似性.其中元素V、Se、Mo、As、Mg、Na含量与出生缺陷发生率变化的空间相关性较大.土壤中V、Se的低含量和Mo、As的高含量可能是造成出生缺陷高发的原因.说明土壤元素含量异常与出生缺陷发生率之间存在相关关系.     

典型城市城郊土壤重金属含量对比研究

选取成都经济区内成都、德阳、蒲江彭山3类典型城市作为研究对象,对其城郊土壤中Cd,Hg,As,Zn,Cr,Cu,Pb 7种重金属元素含量作了对比研究.与国家土壤二级质量标准比较,成都、德阳、彭山蒲江Cd含量均超标,超标率分别为11.67%,70.67%,39.00%,彭山蒲江Cr含量超标,超标率为20.25%,其它元素含量均未超标.比较3类不同城市城郊土壤重金属含量.成都城郊Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量最高,Cd,Cr含量相对最低;德阳Cd,Cu最高;蒲江和彭山Cr相对最高,Hg,As,Zn,Cu,Pb含量则相对最低.与国内其他城市比较,成都、德阳城郊土壤Hg含量,彭山蒲江、德阳Cr含量在全国处于较高水平;成都的As,Cd含量,德阳的Cd,Zn含量,蒲江彭山的Hg,As,Zn,Pb含量处于全国较低水平.     

西天目山自然保护区森林土壤的地球化学特征

本文从土壤地球化学角度探讨西天目山自然保护区森林土壤的发育演化。在南坡自上至下挖掘土壤剖面8个,分层采样,带回室内作理化分析。结果表明,粘粒明显在心土层淀积,SiO_2、Fe_2O_3与K_2O均有在表土层相对积聚的迹象。心土层的粘粒硅铝率较表土层小。自高海拔至低海拔均有SiO_2的淋失,且淋失量比较接近,亦在不同气候条件下脱硅程度的一致。     

Otolith geochemistry in young‐of‐the‐year peacock bass Cichla temensis for investigating natal dispersal in the Rio Negro (Amazon – Brazil) river system

This study examined otolith geochemistry as a natural marker of natal origins in young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) Cichla temensis in the Negro River Basin of Brazil. We analysed trace element and isotopic composition of otoliths of YOY collected off spawning nests from the main stem and major tributaries. These were compared with regional bedrock geologic composition to explore underlying mechanisms of differences in otolith geochemistry. Our results suggest that spatial differences in otolith geochemistry can be used to distinguish natal origins based on ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. This approach allowed us to correctly classify 99% of juvenile fish to their natal streams using cross‐validation in a linear discriminant function analysis (LDFA). Patterns of otolith isotopic composition correspond with patterns in regional geology as expected based on previously demonstrated correlations, although some fine‐scale spatial differences cannot be accounted for by available geologic information. These results demonstrate that otolith chemistry is valuable as a natural marker of natal origins in this system and suggest that inferences from geologic maps may be useful for interpreting movements based on otolith geochemical signatures. This information provides the basis for future work to investigate the early life history and spatial ecology of this important cichlid.     

黄土丘陵区不同地貌类型地球化学分布特征

根据宁夏南部黄土丘陵区彭阳古城乡黄土梁峁—茹河河谷剖面和西吉城郊乡黄土梁峁—葫芦河河谷剖面土壤样品地球化学测试的结果,分别对不同地貌部位的常量元素、微量元素和微量元素有效态的含量进行了对比研究。大多数常量元素比较稳定,K+、Na+在河谷阶地区富集,在黄土梁峁及边坡流失;CaO和Fe2O3由于土壤水的作用和氧化还原条件的不同,其含量在河谷阶地区较少;大多数微量元素在土壤中比较稳定,Ti、P、V、Zn和Ba等元素的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部<河谷阶地;B在土壤中的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡>河谷阶地;微量元素的有效态含量:河谷阶地>黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡。     

石羊河流域地下水化学演变对水循环更新响应及模拟

采用水文地质调查和水化学技术,通过对石羊河流域山前和中游武威盆地地下水的补径排关系及水化学模拟研究,探讨了该地区地下水化学演化规律对水循环更新的响应。研究结果表明,流域地下水从上游到下游矿化度逐渐升高,溶解性总固体(TDS)质量浓度在131~1 750 mg/L之间;水化学类型呈现明显分带特征,从HCO-3-SO2-4-Ca2+-Mg2+型逐渐转换为SO2-4-HCO-3-Mg2+-Ca2+型。利用GIS软件中的Kriging空间插值方法对研究区1989—2009年TDS进行模拟,结果显示:在时间上,随着年份增加,盆地南部地下水TDS值由于降水和融水的冲释,呈减小趋势,中部先升高后下降;在空间上,自山口沿径流方向,TDS质量浓度逐渐增大。由于河流渗漏对地下水的补给作用,石羊河河床带TDS质量浓度明显偏低。地下水储水量和地下水埋深下降速率分别为3.04×108m3/a和0.47 m/a。随着地下水位埋深的增大,TDS质量浓度呈减小趋势,降低速率在11.12~50.41 mg/(L·a)之间。     

海南二甲金矿戈枕韧性剪切带的构造地球化学研究

戈枕韧性剪切带的变形过程中，岩石发生了体积亏损，产生了构造岩流体对岩石的浸滤作用，导致岩石中ＳｉＯ２和碱质的流失；随变形作用的加强，岩石中轻稀土元素的含量显著降低，轻、重稀土元素间发生了一定的分馏作用．另外，构造环境的变化不仅直接控制着包裹体气液成份的变化，而且使包裹体的氢、氧同位素，岩石的硫、铅同位素组成间产生了明显的分异作用