岩石地球化学特征对喀斯特峡谷形态与分布影响分析———以贵州施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产预选地为例

利用同位素实验室ICP-OES,分析杉木河流域内的19个岩石样品的Ca2+,Mg2+等元素特征,结合研究区喀斯特峡谷形态类型及分布特征,分析岩石地球化学特征对喀斯特峡谷形态与分布的影响,结果发现:研究区不同地层的地球化学特征大概分为3种类型.杉木河上游各支流河段以单循环谷为主,以灰质白云岩为主的高台组∈2g,发育喀斯特V型谷;以石灰岩、白云质石灰岩为主的炉山组∈3l和清虚洞组∈1q,发育喀斯特箱型谷.杉木河主河道中下游以喀斯特双循环谷为主,喀斯特峡谷套箱型谷(上部V形谷套下部箱型谷)发育在上部灰质白云岩、下部白云质灰岩地层,喀斯特峡谷套嶂谷发育在上部灰质白云岩、下部砂岩河段.由此可知,发育不同峡谷类型的地层,具有不同的岩石地球化学特征,喀斯特双循环谷上下不同峡谷形态,取决于上下岩层的岩石地球化学特征性质.     

模拟酸雨淋溶下强风化土壤矿物风化计量关系研究

矿物风化计量关系对于定量土壤酸化速率至关重要。我国亚热带地区矿物风化强烈,土壤的酸敏感性高。为获取强风化土壤在矿物风化过程中元素释放特征及其化学计量关系,选取花岗岩发育的富铁土,先用EDTA-乙酸铵溶液洗脱土壤胶体上吸附的盐基离子,然后采用改进的Batch法,将洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤同时进行模拟酸雨淋溶。结果表明:(1)洗脱盐基土壤与未洗脱盐基土壤的盐基离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+))释放情况存在显著差异,洗脱盐基后土壤在淋溶中释放的盐基来源为矿物风化,释放缓慢而平稳;(2)未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期,盐基的释放量较大,随着淋溶的进行,释放量迅速下降,淋溶后期的释放速率与洗脱盐基土壤接近,这说明未洗脱盐基土壤在淋溶初期释放的盐基主要来源于阳离子交换过程,后期则主要来源于风化过程;(3)洗脱盐基土壤和未洗脱盐基土壤经酸雨淋溶释放的各盐基化学计量关系(K~+∶Na~+∶Ca~(2+)∶Mg~(2+))以及盐基离子与硅的化学计量关系(BC∶Si)差异较大,由于未洗脱盐基土壤受到阳离子交换的影响,因此只有洗脱盐基土壤的矿物风化计量关系可以作为定量估算土壤酸化速率的依据。     

民勤县第四系区域地球化学背景特征分析

本文从区域景观地球化学及第四系地球化学入手,分析第四系各岩组的地球化学特征,进而探讨干旱条件下环境和农业方面有益、有害元素的丰缺状况。     

三江平原富锦市地下水氟异常分布及成因研究

以三江平原富锦市为例,运用水化学图解和统计分析方法,揭示了第四系地下水氟异常的空间分布和形成机理。结果表明,氟异常地下水分布在残丘区中更新统含水层上部,F-量受含水层沉积物的总含氟量控制,和蒸发浓缩及农业活动关系较小。沉积物总含氟量和岩性及氧化物有关,粒径越小,Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、MnO和总含氟量也越高。地下水氟异常的形成受中更新统沉积环境影响,吸附/解吸作用是氟富集的主要水文地球化学过程。     

Movement patterns of adult peacock bass Cichla temensis between tributaries of the middle Negro River basin (Amazonas – Brazil): an otolith geochemical analysis

Geological heterogeneity in the Negro River basin creates differences in isotopic and elemental composition of rivers. Recent studies indicate that ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca can be used to determine the natal origins of peacock bass Cichla temensis (Humboldt) and reconstruct individual movement histories. This method was used to analyse otoliths from adult C. temensis collected from two locations on the mainstem Negro River and six tributaries around these core areas. Applying discriminant functions derived from young‐of‐year reference otolith data to determine natal origins of adults indicated that 42% of adults sampled were collected from the same area in which they were spawned. However, variation in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope values along the axis of otoliths indicated that C. temensis movements are much more dynamic than previously concluded. This new information on the spatial distribution of C. temensis can be used to support effective strategies for fishery management in the Negro River basin.     

葡萄品质与土壤地球化学关系研究进展

葡萄具有较高的经济价值和营养功能,本文综述了近年来葡萄品质评价指标体系和葡萄品质与土壤性质、土壤地球化学元素间关系的研究。指出:葡萄品质评价正由单一指标向综合指标过渡,并逐步形成较完善的综合评价指标体系。葡萄品质与土壤地球化学关系研究有了初步进展,并取得了一定的研究成果,葡萄品质受地域性影响差异较大,影响葡萄品质的各项因素中,土壤地球化学因素在一定程度上决定了葡萄品质。本文提出了建立完善、统一的葡萄品质评价体系,并基于母岩—土壤—植物系统的矿质营养元素迁移规律,提出了土壤地球化学因素影响葡萄品质机理的建议。     

岩溶山区土壤水的地球化学特征及其与土壤环境的关系

对2015年所采集的0~20 cm、20~40 cm土壤水样品和对应的土壤样品进行了测试分析,运用灰度关联和典范对应分析的方法研究了岩溶峰丛山区土壤水的地球化学特征及其与土壤环境条件的关系。结果表明:岩溶峰丛山区土壤水地球化学性质及其对应的土壤环境指标均存在不同程度的空间异质性,其中土壤水和土壤中的p H值变异系数在2.48%~10.44%,变异最小;除了镁离子和氯离子,土壤水的其他地球化学指标的变异系数均表现为0~20 cm大于20~40 cm,20~40 cm土壤水地球化学性质更为稳定。土壤水的HCO-3、Ca2+、SO2-4浓度是影响土壤水地球化学特征的主要因子,且HCO-3起到主导作用。典范对应分析结果显示,不同的土壤水地球化学性质与土壤环境因子关联性差异明显,影响土壤水地球化学特征的主要土壤环境因子中的全钾含量、交换性镁含量、有效锌含量、0.2~2.0 mm粒径和0.002~0.020 mm粒径的土壤颗粒等因子对土壤水中的Mg2+浓度、HCO-3浓度、p H值影响较大,有效铜含量、胡敏酸含量、胡敏素含量主要影响土壤水中Na+浓度、K+浓度,而速效钾含量、土壤含水率、小于0.002 mm粒径机械组成等土壤因子则主要是通过Na+浓度、K+浓度、Cl-浓度、SO2-4浓度等指标影响土壤水的地球化学特征。     

^137Cs的土壤地球化学及其侵蚀示踪意义

13 7Cs是环境中一种重要的放射性同位素 ,它是由大气核试验和核事故产生并在环境中赋存和蓄积 ,在环境地球化学的研究中有着广泛的用途。目前 ,对于高含量 1 3 7Cs的环境行为研究较多 ,但是对环境背景水平的 1 3 7Cs(多为几千个 Bq/ m2 )的地球化学行为的研究 ,由于研究方法和实验设计上的困难却相对研究较少 ,极不利于 1 3 7Cs在更大的范围内为人类服务。基于此 ,从土壤中 1 3 7Cs的来源和时间分布、1 3 7Cs在土壤中的吸附固定、土壤中 1 3 7Cs的迁移运动 3个方面论述 1 3 7Cs的地球化学 ,对1 3 7Cs的侵蚀示踪原理与技术路线进行综述。最后对1 3 7Cs相对其它核素在土壤侵蚀示踪上的比较优势进行归纳总结     

Incorporation of trace elements on iron-rich concretions around plant roots of tagus estuary salt marsh (portugal)

Objective

The concentration gradients of solid Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in freshly formed concretions and in older concretions preserved in the sediment were evaluated in a millimetre resolution scale. These results provide a better understanding of the complex biogeochemical processes in the root-sediment system and elucidate the potentialities of marshes in the restoration of contaminated aquatic systems.

Methods

Tens (soll das vielleicht tonnes/tons heißen) of freshly formed concretions and preserved concretions were collected in the Rosário salt marsh. Each tubular structure and involving sediments were scraped in concentric layers of 2-mm thickness to form two sets of composite samples. The elemental composition of concretion and sediment samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results and Discussion

The sediment involving the concretions contained ～0.5 mmol g^-1 Fe, but concentrations increased towards the root up to 3.4 mmol g^-1 in 3-mm interval. Manganese, Zn, Cd and Pb exhibited similar radial distribution in both preserved and freshly formed concretions indicating that these metals remain in those structures with the age. Chromium and Ni showed a different pattern being lower in concretions with respect to involving sediments, and consequently, concretions do not act as a barrier for these elements. The estimated amount of Zn (59 tons), Pb (5 tons) and Cd (0.4 tons) retained in the concretions all over the Rosario salt marsh highlights the importance of these structures in sequestering metals.

Conclusions and Outlook

The sequestering may be particularly relevant in salt marshes located near urban and industrial zones, being areas working as a natural remediation system and contributing for the detoxification of aquatic environments and the well-being of coastal resources.