Effect of Different Concentrate-roughage Ratios on Rumen Degradability of Cassava Stems and Leaves Total Mixed Ration in Goat

The rumen degradations of TMR were studied in this experiment,in which cassava stems and leaves were used as roughage and formulated with concentrate in different proportions.The purpose of this study was to formulate the available TMR for finishing goat,and provide a theoretical basis for the applications of cassava stems and leaves in goat production.Six Hainan Black goats with permanent rumen fistulas were selected,the rumen degradabilities of DM,CP,NDF and ADF of TMR with 6 different concentrate to forage ratio（2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4 and 7:3）were tested using nylon bag method.The results showed that,the DM effective degradabilities at the ratio of 4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3 were significantly higher than that of 2:8 and 3:7（P<0.05).CP effective degradabilities at the ratio of 2:8,3:7,4:6 were significantly higher than that of 5:5,6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The NDF effective degradation at the ratio of 5:5 was significantly higher than that in the other groups（P<0.05).The ADF degradation at the ratio of 3:7 was significantly higher than that of 4:6,5:5, 6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The results indicated that,the nutrient degradation in rumen were higher when the concentrate to forage（cassava stems and leaves）ratio in TMR were 3:7,4:6 and 5:5,and the recommended ratio range were 4:6 to 5:5 in production practice.     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

速生林木材液化及其产物应用研究

[目的]为速生桉树木材液化及其产物的应用提供参考。[方法]以硫酸为催化剂,苯酚为液化剂,对速生人工林桉树木材进行液化,并取液化产物与甲醛进行树脂化反应制备液化木基酚醛树脂LWPF,研究液比对液化反应效率、液化产物重均分子量及LWPF树脂胶合性能的影响。[结果]随着液比的提高,液化产物的残渣率及重均分子量均降低,而LWPF树脂制得的胶合板的木破率提高;当液比提高到一定程度后,液化产物的残渣率和重均分子量及LWPF树脂所制胶合板的木破率变化不明显。[结论]对速生桉树木材的液化工艺及其液化产物的树脂化合成工艺进行了优化。     

不同钙磷配比及浓度对多花黑麦草生长特性的影响

为揭示多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum Lamk）对不同钙磷环境的适应机制，设置3个不同钙磷比（1∶1、2∶1、5∶1），每个钙磷比下设置两种钙磷浓度，以不添加钙和磷的营养液处理为对照，探讨不同钙磷水平下多花黑麦草形态和生理指标的变化；并利用隶属函数综合评价法来筛选适宜多花黑麦草生长的钙磷配比及浓度。结果表明：①Ca/P比为1∶1时，随Ca2+、P浓度的增加，株高、叶宽、光合色素和脯氨酸（proline, Pro）含量均呈下降趋势，丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）活性呈升高趋势；②Ca/P比为2∶1时，随Ca2+、P的增加，株高、叶宽存在一定的下降，叶绿素含量、MDA含量和SOD活性差异不显著，类胡萝卜素和Pro含量升高；③Ca/P比为5∶1时，随Ca2+、P浓度的增加，株高、叶宽、光合色素含量升高，MDA含量下降，Pro含量和SOD活性变化不明显；④P浓度相同时，随着Ca2+浓度的增加，叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和SOD活性呈降低趋势；⑤通过隶属函数综合评价，多花黑麦草适宜生长的Ca、P浓度分别为50和10 mg·kg-1。以上结果为多花黑麦草的栽培种植和钙磷响应机理研究提供理论依据。     

Effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio on growth and carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Six isonitrogenous diets were prepared to vary in lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio (g/g) as follows: D1, 2.26; D2, 1.31; D3, 0.78; D4, 0.47; D5, 0.34; and D6, 0.23. Cobias were fed to satiety for 8 weeks. The weight gain and protein efficiency ratio in D1 group were significantly lower than those in other groups (P < 0.05), accompanied by a lower level of feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Protein retention efficiency in D4 and D6 and whole body protein in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in D1 group (P < 0.05). Survival rate in D4 group was the highest among all groups and was significantly higher than that in D1, D2 and D5 (P < 0.05). In terms of serum triglyceride, D1 and D2 were significantly higher than D6 (P < 0.05). Hepatosomatic index in D3 and D4 was significantly lower than that in D1 (P < 0.05). Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in D4 was significantly higher than that in D1 and D3 (P < 0.05). Phosphofructokinase in D3 and D4 and malic enzyme in D4 and D5 were significantly higher than those in other groups (P < 0.05). Results indicate that cobia utilizes carbohydrates as energy source more efficiently than it utilizes lipids. The optimal lipid-to-carbohydrate ratio in juvenile cobia diets is 0.47.     

黄麻土工布覆盖对花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性的影响

[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。     

育苗基质对榉树容器苗质量的影响

【目的】为了筛选出适于榉树容器苗生长的最佳基质配比,以提高榉树容器苗的培育质量。【方法】以泥炭土、珍珠岩、蛭石、锯木屑和腐殖土5种材料为原料,按照一定的比例配制成6种基质,以此6种配方基质为供试的育苗基质(其处理编号分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6),选择10 cm×5 cm×5 cm的无纺布袋作为育苗容器,进行了榉树容器育苗试验。测定了榉树容器苗的出苗率、形态指标、生物量及生理指标等19个指标,并采用隶属函数法对以不同配方基质培育的容器苗的苗木质量进行了综合评价。【结果】6种基质处理的出苗率从大到小依次为T3>T5>T1>T2>T6>T4,其中T3基质处理的出苗率最高,T4基质处理的出苗率最低,T3基质处理的出苗率是T4基质处理的出苗率的3.47倍;T1基质处理的苗高、地径均极显著高于其他基质处理的,T2基质处理的叶片数显著高于除T1和T5外的其他基质处理的。T2基质处理的侧枝数显著高于其他基质处理的,不同基质处理间容器苗的高径比、侧根数、主根长均无显著差异;T1基质处理的茎干质量、根干质量、苗木干质量及其质量指数均极显著高于其他基质处理的,不同基质处理间容器苗的茎根比无显著差异;T1基质处理的根系活力强度和叶绿素a含量均极显著高于除T2外的其他基质处理的,T2基质处理的叶绿素总量极显著高于除T1外的其他基质处理的,不同基质处理间容器苗的叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b之值均无显著差异,T4基质处理的净光合速率最低,极显著低于其他基质处理的。【结论】采用模糊数学的隶属函数法综合评价得出:以T1基质(其配比为:腐殖土∶泥炭土∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1)培育的榉树容器苗其质量最好,这种配方基质是榉树容器苗的最佳育苗基质。     

感应式高压静电喷头雾滴荷电效果影响因素分析

为研究如何在有限的充电电压下获得良好的雾滴荷电效果,首先建立了雾滴荷电过程的等效模型,对影响雾滴荷电效果的关键性参数进行理论推导;然后采取圆环形和仿形两种电极形式,取3个高压电极的关键性技术参数,设计4种不同的高压电极方案;最后配合2、2.5mm两种不同的绝缘层厚度,为雾锥角为80°的空心圆锥雾喷头TR 80-04设计了8种不同的高压静电罩,用网状目标法与法拉第筒法结合的荷质比测量系统对其荷电比进行测量,以荷质比评价其荷电效果的优劣。结果证明:理论分析与试验研究达到了良好的一致性,仿形电极的荷电效果明显优于圆环形电极,且电极宽度、电极中心到喷口的轴向距离与雾滴荷质比正相关,为高压静电罩的合理设计提供了可靠的理论和试验依据。     

水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头传动系统优化与试验

为了提高水平摘锭式采棉机的作业效率,针对国产采棉机在高速作业过程中存在采摘速比系数匹配不当、采摘头传动系统不合理的问题,该研究根据水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头结构与工作原理,对采摘头传动系统、采棉机采摘机理进行分析,根据传动系统传动要求和采棉机采摘条件,建立目标函数与约束条件,运用遗传算法和1stOpt软件对采摘头传动系统进行优化分析。优化结果为:滚筒动力齿轮齿数为72,离合器上齿轮变位系数为-0.14,滚筒动力齿轮变位系数为1.208,齿轮顶隙系数为1.25。结合采棉机作业要求搭建棉花采摘性能试验台,选取采摘滚筒转速113～143 r/min、作业速度5.93～7.20km/h,对优化前后采摘头的作业性能进行验证试验。结果表明:优化后的采摘头作业速度由6.4km/h提升至7.2 km/h,工作效率由4.86 hm~2/h提升至5.47 hm~2/h,提高了12.5%;优化后的采摘头在7.2 km/h的作业速度下,采净率由90.4%提升至93.7%,采净率提高了3.6%,含杂率由10.28%降至9.72%,含杂率降低了5.4%,验证了传动系统优化结果的合理性。该研究可为国产采棉机采摘头的研发提供参考。