电生功能水和静电场处理对草莓采后生理的影响

以“星都2号”草莓果实为试材，研究电生功能水及静电场(-50 kV/m)处理对冷藏草莓(贮藏温度为0℃，相对湿度为85%～90%)果肉最大破断应力、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量及细胞膜透性变化的影响。试验结果表明：电生功能水处理明显抑制了草莓的乙烯释放，降低了草莓果实的呼吸强度，而静电场处理也一定程度地降低了果实的乙烯释放量，但对果实呼吸强度无明显的影响。二者均可保持贮藏期间草莓最大破断应力，延缓果肉细胞相对电导率的上升，从而有效地抑制采后草莓果实的衰老过程。相比较而言，电生功能水处理效果优于静电场。     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

Structure design and fabrication for resonant accelerometer based on electrostatic stiffness

The introduced resonant accelerometer makes use of the equivalent electrostatic stiffness to sense the acceleration. The sensitivity can be adjusted by changing the applied sensing voltage and it is robust for the fabrication error. According to the sensing principle,the dynamic model of the single beam accelerometer is built along with the no-linear relationship of the output frequency and the displacement of all positive components. When the stiffness of the vibrating beam is much bigger than the stiffness of the fold beam, the sensitivity can effective achieve. It is the restriction for the structure design. For the differential structure, mode analysis shows it is a lower mode in plane for the work mode. Decreasing the stiffness of connected end for the double vibrating beam can reduce the disturbance error. The bulk micromachining for the resonant accelerometer can achieve high depth width ration etching. The experiment find the structure is not broken and there is the same frequency disturbance problem. FM is suggested to deal with the disturbance. Theory analysis and test provides some important conclusions for the design of the novel type resonant accelerometer.     

表面活性剂与纳米SiO2作用下聚合铝的絮凝特性

在6NTU高岭土原水中,溶入低浓度溶解性有机物-阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基硫酸钠,SDS),投加聚合铝PAC与新型水处理剂-纳米SiO2稳定分散液进行动态混凝实验与静止沉降实验.借助图像分析技术与分形理论,对SDS与纳米SiO2作用下PAC的絮凝特性与絮体分形结构的形态学特征进行研究.结果表明:存在SDS时,高岭土颗粒表面ζ电位增加.SDS在颗粒表面的吸附等温曲线符合Langmiur方程;PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果明显,但对SDS的表观去除率较低.SDS阻碍絮凝初絮体的形成.纳米SiO2使颗粒表面ζ电位增加,对无机颗粒处理效果较差,但对去除有机物有利.絮凝机理主要是吸附架桥;助凝剂纳米SiO2能促进PAC对无机颗粒与SDS絮凝,处理效果显著.悬浊液中絮体粒径大,有效质量密度增加,沉速加快,分维值下降.     

土壤富里酸对镉的吸附特征与影响因素的研究

采用改进的连续电位滴定法，研究了土壤富里酸对重金属镉吸附量的主要影响因素。结果表明：富里酸溶液的pH值升高，吸附量增加；富里酸浓度升高，吸附量降低；pH值升高、富里酸浓度增大，吸附率增大。吸附量和pH值之间的关系可用自然对数方程进行拟合．同时富里酸浓度越小、镉离子浓度越高，方程的斜率越大，说明吸附量的大小同时与二者密切相关。分别用Linear方程、Fruendlich方程和Langmiur方程对富里酸一镉的吸附等温线进行拟合，结果发现，pH值大于5．0时，上述方程拟合均较好；pH值小于5．0时，只能用Langmiur方程拟合。富里酸对镉的吸附系数随着pH值的升高而降低。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化辣木叶总皂苷工艺研究

研究大孔吸附树脂纯化辣木叶总皂苷的工艺条件和参数.以洗脱率、精制度等为指标,考察大孔吸附树脂对辣木叶总皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱参数.25mL辣木叶总皂苷样品液上大孔吸附树脂,用蒸馏水,30%、50%乙醇各200mL依次洗脱,辣木叶总皂苷富集于50%乙醇洗脱部位.采用大孔吸附树脂技术富集、纯化辣木叶总皂苷,其洗脱率为(76.3±0.3)%,精制度为124.9%,该法可较好地纯化辣木叶总皂苷.     

根际效应下镉在土壤中的吸附与解吸

根际微区是联系植物与土壤之间的纽带,控制着重金属等污染物从土壤向植物的迁移.以黑土为研究对象,采用根际箱装置培养根际土壤,研究了不同强度玉米根际效应下,土壤对Cd的吸附与解吸.结果表明,相比于非根际土壤,根际土壤中的可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量显著增加,不同处理下根际土壤DOC含量与根系的干物质重量二者呈显著正相关（P＜0.001）;根际土壤pH显著提高.根际土壤对Cd的吸附量显著高于非根际土壤,且在较高的Cd浓度下这种差异表现的更明显,不同pH下土壤吸附试验表明,根际pH的升高是造成这种现象的主要原因.可以用Freundrich方程来描述Cd离子在根际效应下黑土中的吸附特征.根际土壤的解吸量显著低于非根际土壤,相关分析表明,平均的解吸百分数与根际土壤DOC含量呈显著负相关（P=0.011）,说明根系分泌的可溶性有机物质与Cd离子的络和作用,是导致根际土壤中Cd较难解吸的重要原因.     

可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu、Zn、Cd次级吸附的影响

研究了三个可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu、Zn、Cd次级吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,供试土壤对重金属的次级吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,次级吸附量的大小顺序是,湖北孝感黄棕壤>湖北咸宁红壤>湖南桃源红壤。土壤吸附磷酸根后,可使重金属的次级吸附量增加,解吸率下降,并有线性关系。供试土壤吸附磷酸根后,表面负电荷增加,表面负电荷的增量与重金属次级吸附量的增量呈线性关系,这表明土壤吸附磷酸根后,表面负电荷的增加,可能是影响重金属次级吸附的重要原因之一。