猪粪沼液理化性质对玉米种子萌发的影响

明确沼液理化性质对种子萌发的影响是确定沼液合理灌溉量的前提。该研究以猪粪厌氧发酵的沼液为研究对象,分析了新鲜沼液及预处理后沼液的理化性质,并将沼液理化性质与相对发芽率、相对根长和萌发指数建立函数关系,筛选了沼液中的植物毒性因子及安全阈值。对于秋田MD311这一玉米品种来说,铵态氮与乳酸是沼液中的植物毒性因子。种子达到最大萌发指数对应的铵态氮与乳酸的浓度分别为186与35.8 mg·L^-1;二者浓度高于336与61 mg·L^-1时,具备植物毒性(萌发指数(70%),不可直接还田。通过静置和曝气过程可降低二种毒性因子的含量。研究表明,沼液还田时将铵态氮与乳酸含量控制在安全阈值内时可降低植物毒性,促进作物生长,最大限度地发挥沼液对无机肥的替代作用。     

木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵沼渣热化学转化利用研究进展

厌氧发酵技术可以将木质纤维素生物质转化为沼气,并伴随副产物沼渣产生。随着大型沼气工程的发展,大量沼渣排放已成为厌氧发酵技术推广应用的主要限制因素之一,亟须对沼渣进行快速有效处理。其中,沼渣的热化学转化利用符合大型沼气工程发展趋势,是当前的研究热点之一。首先分析木质纤维素沼渣的原料特性与热化学转化潜力;再对沼渣成型燃料、热解以及水热炭化等领域的研究现状进行分析,着重对沼渣衍生产物特性、热化学转化过程中存在的问题以及与厌氧发酵结合的潜在优势等方面进行讨论;最后,对沼渣热化学转化的发展趋势进行了展望。木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵与沼渣热化学转化结合的应用模式研究对大型沼气工程推广应用具有一定的科学意义。     

Recovery of nutrients from the liquid fraction of digestate: Use of enriched zeolite and biochar as nitrogen fertilizers

The liquid fraction after liquid/solid separation of biogas digestate has a high potential as a fertilizer due to its high nutrient concentration. However, the direct application of digestate in agricultural fields results in practical problems due to its voluminous nature. One solution to this could be to concentrate nutrients onto sorbents such as biochar or zeolites, which can subsequently be used as a fertilizer. This study investigated the ability of biochar and zeolite ‘clinoptilolite' enriched with digestate nutrients to supply nitrogen (N) when used as a fertilizer. A pot experiment with ryegrass was conducted to test the effect of a nutrient‐enriched biochar and clinoptilolite by determining plant biomass growth and N uptake. This included untreated biochar and clinoptilolite as controls and two levels of N application (15 and 45 mg N per pot) each at two initial loading ratios (low and high). Nutrient‐enriched biochar and clinoptilolite increased plant biomass yield (up to 1.02 and 2.39 g per pot) and N uptake (up to 11.23 and 39.94 mg N per pot) compared to the untreated sorbents treatments. Initial loading ratio had a significant effect on plant biomass response and apparent N recovery (ANR) for enriched clinoptilolite, and lower initial loading ratio improved plant growth. In contrast to clinoptilolite, higher initial loading ratio resulted in higher ANR. In conclusion, our results reveal that N released from enriched clinoptilolite and biochar could be taken up by the plants, clinoptilolite performed more effectively than biochar, and initial loading ratio affected the performance of the sorbents when used as a fertilizer.     

Effects of irrigation volumes and organic fertilizers on eggplant grown in Mediterranean environment

A three-year field experiment was carried out in Mediterranean conditions to study the effects of different irrigations and organic fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen utilization of eggplant crop and on soil properties. In a split-plot design, two irrigation treatments (re-establishing 100% and 50% of the calculated maximum evapotranspiration) and four fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer, commercial stable manure, anaerobic digestate and municipal solid waste compost) were compared. The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation. Nevertheless, the same treatment decreased significantly the fruit dry matter percentage and total soluble solid content. The lowest water volume led to an improvement of fruit quality. Anaerobic digestate increased significantly the total and marketable yield and dry matter compared with compost. Harvest index, nitrogen harvest index, pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not show significant differences among all fertilizer treatments. N translocation ability of plants and fruit quality were not influenced by the type of fertilizer. At the end of experiment, anaerobic digestate and compost reached the highest levels of soil total organic carbon and humic and fulvic acids content. Besides, anaerobic digestate increased the total extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen content compared to all other treatments. Soil copper, nickel and lead content in all treatments enhanced compared to that at the beginning of experiment, but this accumulation did not represent a possible environmental risk. The content of heavy metals in the soil, after 3 years of application, did not exceed the limits imposed by the Italian law. This study showed that the organic wastes, after being adequately processed, could be applied successfully in agriculture especially in arid environments, characterized by quick mineralization and very low organic matter content.     

YIELD AND SOIL RESPONSES OF MELON GROWN WITH DIFFERENT ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

A three-year field experiment (2006–2008) was carried out in Mediterranean conditions to study the effects of organic fertilizers application on yield performance and plant nitrogen (N) status of melon crops. Soil properties at the end of experiment were further investigated. In a strip-plot experimental design, two irrigations and the following four fertilizer treatments were compared: mineral fertilizer (Min); commercial stable manure (Org); anaerobic digestate (WDD); composted municipal solid organic wastes (SUW). The results showed no statistical differences among the four different treatments on melon yields. Conversely, the highest irrigation treatment showed a significantly higher total yield (34%) and fruits number (26%). During cropping cycles, the Min treatment reached the highest mean nitrate content with an increase of about 59% and 154% respectively compared with Org and mean of WDD and SUW. The WDD and SUW significantly increased soil total, extracted and humified organic carbon of the 14, 22 and 12% compared with Min. Among treatments, no significant difference was found for heavy metals excepted for Cu, which reached the highest level in WDD treatment.     

沼液回流比与有机负荷对秸秆厌氧发酵特性的影响

以混合秸秆为唯一原料,混合接种瘤胃液与污泥,在半连续固态进料反应器中研究不同回流比和有机负荷组合对甲烷产率、发酵特性的影响。结果表明,在6个阶段中,当有机负荷(OLR)为4 g/(L·d),回流比为1∶1时,甲烷平均产率达到了768 m L/(L·d);单位秸秆TS产甲烷量为202 m L/g,具有明显成本优势。当OLR升高到6 g/(L·d)时,VFA积累明显,丙酸质量浓度高达6.54 g/L,并且出现丁酸的积累;该阶段氨氮质量浓度明显升高,达到了632.51 mg/L。固渣中纤维素和半纤维素在第2阶段降解程度最高,降解率达到了88.81%,而水解酶活和产甲烷效率的变化相关。通过三维荧光光谱分析,发现沼液中类酪氨酸产物、辅酶F420及腐殖酸类有机物的变化受回流比和有机负荷的影响,能直接反映产甲烷和发酵特性,而且腐殖酸类物质的积累是产甲烷作用受到抑制的重要原因。因此,合适的回流比和有机负荷对秸秆沼气工程长期稳定运行尤为关键。     

Greenhouse gas emissions after application of digestate: short-term effects of nitrification inhibitor and application technique effects

Nitrogen-use efficiency in arable agriculture after organic fertilization can be improved by the incorporation of digestate into soil and through the use of nitrification inhibitors. To test the efficiency and the interaction of these measures, a laboratory microcosm study was conducted with undisturbed samples from two arable soils – a Gleysol and a Plaggic Anthrosol. Treatments were digestate application by injection to 15 or 20 cm depths or by trailing hose with subsequent incorporation. Half of the replicates of each application treatment were treated with the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ were monitored during 51 days of incubation. Deeper injection (20 cm) did not lead to different GHG emissions compared with a shallow injection (15 cm). Application of DMPP decreased cumulative N₂O emissions significantly by 17–70%. DMPP inhibited N₂O fluxes and NO₃- production, suggesting a positive effect of DMPP on the mitigation of direct GHG emission and nitrate leaching at least during several weeks after digestate fertilization. The effect of DMPP is independent of the application technique.     

Nitrogen release and mineralization potential of derivatives from nutrient recovery processes as substitutes for fossil fuel‐based nitrogen fertilizers

The need to meet rapidly increasing demands for synthetic nitrogen (N) while reducing dependence on fossil fuels has been driving widespread attention to the recuperation and reuse of nutrients present in digestate and animal manure. The N release and mineralization potential of animal manure (AM), digestate (DIG), liquid fraction of digestate (LFDIG) and mineral concentrate (MC) were assessed in comparison with N availability from calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a reference. The release was highly dependent on the product ‐N/N_total ratio, while mineralization occurred only for products containing more than 5% of organic N. The magnitude of the released N, on average after 120 days of an incubation experiment, was in the order: CAN > MC > LFDIG > DIG ≥ AM. These results indicate that only the N release from MC exhibited patterns similar to CAN, suggesting that this product will provide plant available N in a similar fashion as synthetic fertilizers. The N release from LFDIG was higher than AM, but did not closely follow the pattern of CAN. The N availability in LFDIG may be increased using substrates richer in N, such as animal manure or waste food and not only plant residues.