Impact of Digestate Application on Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Two Different Textured Soils

Agricultural application of anaerobic digestates can play an important role in plant nutrition. The effects of digestate treatment were studied in pot experiments, using sandy and loamy textured soils with distinct characteristics. Three different treatments were studied and compared: control, digestate, and irrigation treatments. Nitrogen loading was calculated on the bases of the digestate analysis. The same amounts of digestate and irrigation water were applied in the different treatments before sowing and at the V4–V6 stages of maize. Besides the conventional soil chemical analysis, invertase, dehydrogenase, catalase, and the abundance of some cultivable microbes were measured in two consecutive years. According to our results, irrigation and digestate treatments had greater impact in the case of sandy soils than in loamy textured soils. Digestate provides more effective phosphorus and potassium sources than nitrogen. Based on the results of discriminant analysis, the digestate application had a greater influence on soil chemical properties, followed by microbiological parameters.     

三种湿地植物厌氧发酵产甲烷特性及产物稳定性研究

为研究湿地植物能源化利用潜力,采用全自动甲烷潜力测试系统对不同温度下三种湿地植物厌氧发酵产甲烷特性进行评价,并对产甲烷过程及发酵产物稳定性进行模拟和分析。结果表明:在30 d发酵周期内,中温(37℃)下三种湿地植物巨菌草、狐尾藻和水葫芦累积甲烷产量分别达166.5、159.4、236.9 m L·g~(-1)VS,分别比常温(25℃)提高了29.6%、18.3%和39.9%(P0.01),且中温发酵产气速度更快,发酵周期更短,挥发性固体(VS)去除率更高;采用热重-示差扫描量热法(TG-DSC)对发酵产物稳定性进行分析,TG曲线呈现三个明显失重过程(100℃,250~350℃及400~600℃),全发酵周期总失重率逐渐降低,DSC曲线有两个明显的放热峰,低温区(300℃)放热强度逐渐降低,高温区(400~550℃)狐尾藻峰强度逐渐降低,巨菌草和水葫芦逐渐增加,且峰值右移,表明有机物逐步降解,发酵产物稳定性增加;采用Cheynoweth方程对巨菌草、狐尾藻和水葫芦中温发酵产气过程进行拟合,模型相关系数均大于0.95,产气预测值和实测值差异比分别为1.98%、0.82%和0.32%(P0.05)。研究表明厌氧发酵制甲烷是湿地植物资源化利用的有效途径,有利于解决人工湿地技术二次污染问题。     

Forage types and origin of manure in codigestion affect methane yield and microbial community structure

In farm‐scale biogas systems, different kinds of manure are the most important substrate for anaerobic digestion, but result in low biogas yields. Biogas production can be increased by complementing the manure with forage crops, in codigestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate grass‐clover (GCS) and whole‐crop barley silages (WCB) in codigestion with manure from organic and conventional dairy production systems on biogas production, microbial community, degree of degradation and gas quality at different organic loading rates by addition of soya bean meal and wheat grain, which are rich in protein and starch. Four continuous stirred anaerobic laboratory‐scale reactors were used, and the codigestion resulted in additive effects on biogas production, but no synergistic effects. The highest biogas yield was obtained in reactors receiving WCB independently of manure types, for both experiments (7,416 ml/day and 10,978 ml/day respectively). The degradation efficiency, measured as the reduction in volatile solids was, on average, six percentage units higher in the reactors receiving manure from conventional compared with organic dairy cows, probably because of a higher concentration of undigested fibre and proteins in conventional cow manure. Microbiological analysis by illumina sequencing illustrated low impact of both manure types on the reactor community and only small differences between the reactors receiving GCS and WCB. However, addition of soya bean meal and wheat grain changed the community in all reactors. The ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was comparably higher in reactors having the highest gas production and methane yield.     

大中型沼气工程厌氧发酵液的后处置技术

沼气生产之后的厌氧发酵液处置是制约大中型沼气工程发展的重要因素之一,国内外沼液处置相继出现了低成本的资源性利用、低成本的自然生态净化、高成本的工厂化处理和高附加值的开发性处理等四种方式。前二者属于"生态型",适用于全混式发酵,且具有足够消纳的生态单元;后二者属于"环保型",适用于干湿分离发酵。     

Does acidification increase the nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of bio‐based fertilizers?

Acidification of manure, digestate and their processed derivatives has been proposed as a technique to, amongst others, mitigate ammonia emissions related to application in the field. The current study investigated whether acidification of (1) pig slurry (PS), (2) liquid fraction of pig slurry (LFPS), (3) digestate (DIG), and (4) liquid fraction of digestate (LFDIG) increases their nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) as compared to non‐acidified counterparts, a synthetic N fertilizer (calcium ammonium nitrate; CAN) and an unfertilized control. Product performance was evaluated from the perspective of (1) crop development (yield, nutrient uptake, and crop quality assessment) via a pot experiment with Lactuca sativa L. and (2) soil N dynamics [net N release (N_rel,net) and net N mineralization] via a soil incubation experiment. Crop yield of pots receiving bio‐based fertilizers performed ‘on par' with CAN as compared to unfertilized control, implying that bio‐based fertilizers derived from digestate or manure could potentially play a role in replacing synthetic N fertilizers. However, our findings also suggest that acidification did not result in an increased use efficiency of applied N. NFRVs of acidified products were below those of non‐acidified products and CAN, with crop yield on average 6–13% and 11–18% lower compared to non‐acidified products and the CAN treatment, respectively. A possible explanation for lower performance as compared to non‐acidified products could be an inhibitory delay in the N_rel,net, which in our experimental design proved to be negative for crops with short production cycles. This pattern was revealed in the incubation experiments in which N_rel,net in acidified products remained below that of non‐acidified, in this study tentatively attributed to immobilization of mineral N. However, this negative effect on N availability should be reaffirmed in crops with longer production cycles. Finally, some interesting findings with regard to plant composition also warrant further in‐depth investigation, e.g ., Zn uptake by lettuce in acidified treatments was significantly higher than that of non‐acidified treatments. This implies that product pre‐treatment may play a future role in biofortification and amelioration of (trace) element composition of crops (arguably for crops with longer production cycles). Improving crop nutritional value by increased uptake of micronutrients is receiving increasing attention.     

Unbalanced nutrient ratios in pelleted compound recycling fertilizers

The aim of this study was to contribute to the development of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with favourable handling and spreading characteristics and balanced nutrient ratios by combining nitrogen (N)‐ and phosphorus (P)‐rich waste resources (meat bone meal, fish sludge or food waste) with potassium (K)‐rich bottom wood ash. Pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with good durability and low dusting tendency were produced by roll‐pelleting preheated waste resources at a suitable moisture content. However, the nutrient ratios in the final products were insufficiently balanced, with too low N concentrations relative to P and K to meet crop demands. In a bioassay using barley (Hordeum vulgare ) and a nutrient‐deficient sand/peat mixture, the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE ) of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers and reference recycling fertilizers was 22–42% of that of mineral compound fertilizer. Growth limitation was due to reduced N availability (mineral fertilizer equivalent ‐ MFE = 35–57%) or reduced P availability (MFE  = 20–115%), with the greatest P fertilizer value obtained for digestate based on dairy manure and fish sludge. Availability of K in bottom wood ash was masked by the experimental soil.     

Effect of solid–liquid separation on anaerobic digestion of dairy manure in semi‐continuous stirred tank reactors: Process performance and digestate characteristics

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of solid–liquid separation on anaerobic digestion of dairy manure in semi‐continuous stirred tank reactors. Reactors fed with liquid fraction of dairy manure (screened liquid manure) were kept in water baths at mesophilic (Run 1) and thermophilic (Run 3) temperatures, respectively, while reactors fed with water diluted manure and kept at mesophilic (Run 2) and thermophilic (Run 4) temperatures as control reactors. The performances of reactors were compared in terms of biogas and methane production, and digestate characteristics. The methane yields obtained from screened manure were higher than those from diluted manure at both mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures, while the highest methane yield was 185 L/kg VS_added under thermophilic temperature. Solid–liquid separation also had improved the effect on digestate fertilizer characteristics. Among four digestates from reactors, the highest contents of nutrients, N (4.12 g/kg) and P (2.36 g/kg) were found in Run 3, while the highest content of K (3.42 g/kg) was found in Run 1. These results showed the benefits of solid–liquid separation of dairy manure on process performance and digestate characteristics.     

Effects of Anaerobic Digestate on Chinese Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Yield Components,Soil Properties,and Microbial Communities under Saline Irrigation Condition

ABSTRACT

Digestate is increasingly utilized as a fertilizer, and earlier research was dedicated to plant growth and soil properties, with simple little information available regarding the effects of digestate on soil, plant, and microbial communities under saline irrigation. For this reason, a pot experiment with Chinese melon was conducted in a greenhouse, and digestate (1100 L ha^?1) and a full recommended dose of NPK fertilizer were used. The melons were irrigated with normal water 0.25 (SL0) and 2 dS/m (SL1) using sodium chloride (NaCl). Application of digestate increased the melon plant height and leaves number significantly (p < 0.05) compared to control and treatments that received full NPK dose, under both water treatments (SL0 and SL1). The maximum plant height (SL0: 161 cm and SL1: 85.5 cm) and leaves number (SL0: 156.33 and SL1: 69.67) were observed when digestate used with NPK fertilizer. Plant fruit length, fruit diameter, sugar content, and yield increased significantly by digestate addition. The melon fruit sugar content values were 12% (SL0) and 9.83% (SL1). Soil electrical conductivity values increased when digestate combined with NPK fertilizer (1.4 dS m^?1) particularly, under saline water, while the soil pH is not affected by digestate treatments. Digestate increased bacteria and decreased the number of fungi in the soil. Our results indicated that the usage of digestate could be more effective than NPK fertilizer on plant growth and soil properties. And there is a need to confirm these results in soils more realistic for agricultural field conditions and pay attention to use of digestate with saline irrigation water.     

集约化奶牛场沼液沼灌区类固醇雌激素定量分析

随着集约化奶牛场的发展,其产生的类固醇雌激素已成为新的环境污染源,因此建立沼液及土壤复杂组分中类固醇雌激素定量分析方法,考察不同季节类固醇雌激素含量变化十分必要。该研究对奶牛场沼灌区的沼液及土壤中5种类固醇雌激素(雌酮、17α-雌二醇、17β-雌二醇、雌三醇、雌酮硫酸钠)建立了固相萃取-液相色谱串联两级质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)分析方法。针对沼液及土壤复杂基质特点,分别建立二者样品前处理方法,处理后样品采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式多反应监测分析。结果表明,检测方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.09～0.39ng/L,定量限为0.24～1.18 ng/L,回收率范围为74.56%～91.84%,该法可有效用于沼液及土壤中痕量雌激素的检测。通过对沼液、沼灌区土壤样品检测发现,雌酮、17α-雌二醇与17β-雌二醇检出频率及浓度较高,而雌三醇与雌酮硫酸钠检出频率及浓度较低。同时得到沼液出水及土壤纵深雌激素的含量分布,厌氧池出水中各物质浓度雌酮17β-雌二醇17α-雌二醇雌酮硫酸钠雌三醇;好氧池出水中17β-雌二醇17α-雌二醇雌酮雌酮硫酸钠雌三醇;不同纵深土壤中均为17β-雌二醇雌酮17α-雌二醇雌酮硫酸钠,未检测出雌三醇;沼液中雌激素浓度随季节温度变化,土壤中随季节性降低。试验结果为研究复杂基质中雌激素检测和分布提供一定理论依据和数据支撑。     

藻-菌耦合系统对猪场沼液的净化效果及其影响条件研究

针对猪场沼液中氮磷含量高且碳氮比严重失调不利于生化处理这一问题,选用对养猪废水净化效果好的近具刺链带藻和有机物降解效率高的商业化菌剂构建藻-菌系统,探讨其对猪场沼液的净化效果及其运行条件。结果表明,添加有机物降解菌不仅有助于促进微藻的生长,使微藻生物量最大值达到1.47 g·L-1,较未添加菌剂处理提高了23.53%,还能促进废水中碳氮磷的去除效果,其中总有机碳、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别提高了13.40%、3.39%和5.90%。藻-菌系统在不同温度条件下对猪场沼液中碳氮磷的净化效果差异明显。温度为30℃时最利于藻菌系统中微藻的生长,且对总有机碳和总磷的去除效果最好,此时微藻生物量最高值能达到2.21 g·L-1,总有机碳和总磷去除率为72.64%和26.66%;而最利于氨氮去除的温度为40℃,这与高温条件下氨氮易挥发有关。不同光照强度下藻-菌系统对污染物净化能力也不同。随着光照强度的增加,系统中微藻生长速度和光合产氧能力逐渐增加,系统对碳氮磷的去除效果也增强,而当光照强度从400μmol photons·m-2·s-1增加到600μmol photons·m-2·s-1时系统中微藻的生长速度和污染物的去除效果并没有提高,可见将光照强度控制在400μmol photons·m-2·s-1时系统中微藻生物量、总有机碳、氨氮和总磷去除率最高,分别为2.35 g·L-1、57.03%、68.01%和59.66%。研究表明,添加有机物降解菌可以促进微藻的生长,从而促进其对猪场沼液的净化效果,该藻菌系统运行的适宜温度和光照条件分别为30℃和400μmol photons·m-2·s-1。