欧洲水培叶菜机械规模化生产系统

针对水培叶菜规模化生产,介绍了欧洲水培叶菜自动化生产装备系统与技术。首先,说明水培技术高效循环生产、避免土壤环境污染的优势,论述了水培叶菜的主要作业流程。基于水培叶菜作业流程,通过实物图片介绍了欧洲水培叶菜生产中基质处理、精量播种、种苗移植、叶菜收获和生产资材自动输送等环节装备和技术。对比国内水培蔬菜的生产模式与具体国情,提出了研学欧洲先进的生产作业装备技术和物流化生产作业思想理念,结合我国水培蔬菜生产模式,优化完善叶菜丸粒化精量播种技术,开发研制叶菜种苗移植设备,针对不同水培叶菜生产企业及生产方式,量身定制开发设计物流化生产输送系统,达到提高生产效率、降低劳动强度、减少生产劳动力的目的,有效提高我国水培蔬菜生产的竞争力。     

Efficient reduction of biomass,seed and season long pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is a noxious plant that not only is a troublesome agronomic weed that causes economic damage to agricultural crops but also − and even more importantly − causes severe health problems due to its severe allergenicity. The pollen of invasive ragweed has become a major allergenic risk factor in urban areas in newly occupied regions. Many urban areas prohibit herbicide application; thus, mowing is the most widely used control measure. Counting pollen is labour intensive; therefore, pollen production data are mainly based on estimations. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different mowing scenarios, plant density and cutting height on the biomass, pollen production and seed production of common ragweed plants. Ragweed plants were mown twice: just before the flowering of terminal racemes (BBCH 59) and when the flowers of the re-sprouting lateral shoots reached BBCH 59. A 1- to 3-cm cutting height produced the greatest pollen reduction compared to that of intact control plants (94%) based on a season-long pollen collection. The number of female flowers also significantly decreased (97%). Compared to the control, the onset of pollen discharge was delayed by 5 weeks and the length of the pollen discharge period decreased from 9 to 4 weeks. The season-long unique and reproducible pollen production data can be integrated with airborne pollen modelling and population management strategies.     

黑穗醋栗倒催根育苗研究

以黑穗醋栗品种(大粒甜、黑金星、黑珍珠、黑早生)为材料,进行硬枝倒催根育苗研究,调查黑穗醋栗硬枝倒催插条形成愈伤组织和成活情况。结果发现:黑穗醋栗硬枝倒催根不管插条形成愈伤组织的能力还是成活率都超过了70%,黑穗醋栗枝条生根力强,适宜倒催根育苗。但是不同品种之间有差异,生根能力由强到弱的顺序是黑早生、大粒甜、黑金星、黑珍珠。黑穗醋栗硬枝倒催根扦插易生根、成本低、操作简单、成活率高,建议在生产中应用。     

基于云计算技术和3D渲染的农机虚拟制造技术研究

为了提高农机现代化和批量化生产效率,实现基于个性化需求农机设计和制造,提出了面向机加工的云技术农机制造服务候选资源的发现方法,并设计了农机虚拟制造的云计算平台。在农机部件云制造虚拟平台中,首先利用云存储技术存放大量的候选制造企业资源样本数据,然后利用智能分类算法KNN对候选资源进行分类,根据农机部件制造需求的客户对候选资源进行优选,最后得到最佳的候选资源。基于云计算和3D渲染技术,构建了面向工序级和零件级服务的仿真环境,并通过仿真实验,得到了优选后服务方的服务时间、费用和合格率,为现代农机的批量生产和个性化加工服务提供了新的解决方案。     

A review of soil NO transformation: Associated processes and possible physiological significance on organisms

NO emissions from soils and ecosystems are of outstanding importance for atmospheric chemistry. Here we review the current knowledge on processes involved in the formation and consumption of NO in soils, the importance of NO for the physiological functioning of different organisms, and for inter- and intra-species signaling and competition, e.g. in the rooting zone between microbes and plants. We also show that prokaryotes and eukaryotes are able to produce NO by multiple pathways and that unspecific enzymo-oxidative mechanisms of NO production are likely to occur in soils. Nitric oxide production in soils is not only linked to NO production by nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms, but also linked to extracellular enzymes from a wide range of microorganisms.Further investigations are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms of NO production and consumption, its controlling factors, and the significance of NO as a regulator for microbial, animal and plant processes. Such process understanding is required to elucidate the importance of soils as sources (and sinks) for atmospheric NO.     

家畜养殖生产的环境效应研究——基于浙江省67个县市的农业经济截面数据

利用浙江省67个县市的农业经济截面数据,以环境负荷量为因变量,以肉产量和耕地面积为自变量构建模型,对家畜养殖生产的环境效应进行研究。结果表明,2013年绍兴市区、衢州市区、龙游县和江山县的环境负荷量超过警戒值,金华市区、德清县和淳安县的环境负荷量超过适宜值;家畜养殖生产存在着环境负效应,并受到耕地资源的约束,其环境负荷量与肉产量正相关,与耕地面积负相关。     

Comparing mating designs to restore seed production of interspecific hybrids between Trifolium repens (white clover) and Trifolium uniflorum

Interspecific hybrids between Trifolium uniflorum and cultivated white clover (Trifolium repens) have highly useful characteristics for temperate pastoral systems derived from both parent species. However, the early hybrids (F₁ and BC₁) also have unacceptably poor seed production for commerce. This study analysed the basis for the poor seed production and investigated breeding strategies for overcoming the problem. The BC₁F₁ generation produced lower‐than‐expected numbers of heads per plant and seeds per floret. Backcrossing of selected hybrids to white clover corrected these deficiencies and created new variation. Seed numbers were also returned to near target levels by recurrent selection within the BC₁ generation. Thus, it was possible to retain a theoretical average of 25% of T. uniflorum genome and still achieve high seed production per plant. The BC₁F₂ and BC₂F₁ generations produced high seed numbers per plant, along with reasonable variation. Both of these second‐generation hybrid forms have high reproductive potential and should be the focus for the selection of the desired combinations of agronomic and seed production traits.     

湖南省粮食产量波动的影响因素分析及预测

旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。     

外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力及微生物群落的影响

为探讨添加不同外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力和微生物群落结构的影响,该研究以小麦秸秆为黄贮原料,添加乙酸(3‰ACE组)和异型发酵乳酸菌复合系(3‰MI1组,6‰MI2组),调整含水率至50%,黄贮65 d后,以黄贮小麦秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,探究发酵过程中的指标性质和微生物群落结构。研究发现黄贮预处理后,发酵系统中的初始挥发性有机酸中的乳酸和乙酸增加、甲烷含量增加、可溶性化学需氧量(sCOD)增加。添加了外源添加剂的ACE组、MI1组、MI2组的累积甲烷产量较干黄小麦秸秆(WS组)提高了4.7%～10.6%,而未添加添加剂的CK组的累积甲烷产量较WS组降低了9%。发酵系统中的主要优势细菌为Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria,优势古菌为甲烷鬃菌属Methanosaeta,黄贮预处理改变了发酵系统微生物的群落结构,促进了小麦秸秆的甲烷转化,为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

互联网订单模式与食用菌产业融合的可行性发展

系统阐述了互联网订单生产模式在我国食用菌产业中实施的可行性。首先从我国目前食用菌产业的低成本生产现状分析了订单生产的战略可行性;其次从食用菌产业的国际环境和互联网科技的发展方面分析了发展订单式生产的有利因素,提出了创新食用菌产业订单模式的一些建议。指出了巩固订单模式实践效果应注意的若干问题。对促进我国食用菌产业创新发展模式提供了借鉴。