风送喷雾气流衰减与扩展规律分析与试验

针对果园风送喷雾对气流的特定需求,为了明确喷雾机出口处到果树冠层间的气流分布规律,在环向出风式喷雾机基础上,采用量纲法理论分析喷雾气流的轴向速度衰减规律、射流扩展规律,并在Ansys 15.0 Fluent平台上选用Realizableκ-ε模型仿真了初速度为10、15、20m/s下的衰减与扩展规律。同时,结合试验数据建立了喷雾气流衰减模型uc=0.5 7 8 u0x^-0.5,模型显著性检验F值小于临界值;气流边界扩展模型b=0.154 x,模型的决定系数为0.972 4。该研究可为果园风送喷雾机设计及气流场分析提供参考。     

水田自走式喷雾机喷杆自动调平系统设计与试验

为提高水田自走式喷雾机喷施作业均匀性,设计了喷杆自动调平系统,包括自动调平机械结构、喷雾机车身倾角传感器和控制器,以及车身倾角传感器和控制器的硬件系统和软件系统,并研究了对加速度计和陀螺仪数据进行融合的卡尔曼滤波算法和喷杆自动调平PID控制算法。以井关JKB18C型喷雾机为平台,采用叉车调节喷雾机车身倾斜角度,用2台MTI-300高精度惯性传感器分别测量喷雾机车身和喷杆倾角,并进行了测试试验。结果表明:随着车身倾角变化速率的增加,喷杆倾斜角度的平均绝对误差、均方根误差和最大误差增大,平均绝对误差最大为0. 90°,均方根误差最大为1. 39°,最大误差为1. 70°,车身倾角变化速率对喷杆控制精度影响较大。为检测喷杆自动调平控制系统的田间作业性能,采用双天线RTK-GNSS导航定位系统测量喷雾机作业过程中喷杆水平倾角,并进行了田间试验。试验结果表明:喷杆相对于水平面的平均绝对误差最大为0.79°,均方根误差最大为0. 85°,最大误差为1. 70°,喷杆自动调平控制系统可以有效地控制喷杆的水平姿态。     

环境友好型农药喷施机械研究进展与展望

在农林病虫害防治中,化学方法仍占主导地位,化学农药施用不当会引起农药浪费、环境污染和农药残留等问题。为此,本文阐述了国内外对农药雾化、在线混药、可变量控制、仿形喷雾、雾滴飘移控制、静电喷雾、智能对靶喷雾集成等关键技术的研究概况;综述了防飘移喷雾机、仿形喷雾机、喷杆喷雾机、杂草防除机械、果园喷雾机、智能喷雾机等6类典型地面植保机械的发展概况,以及包括植保无人机及其关键部件在内的典型航空植保机械的研究发展水平;提出了环境友好型农药喷施机械"绿色环保、精确高效"的研究理念,以及开展植保机器人与专用植保机械(植保机器人及其阵列、专用植保机械)研发、航空施药机具与植保无人机研究、智能物联农药喷雾系统(病虫草害靶标智能监测识别与防治预警系统、无线物联智能植保信息传输系统、立体智能协同农药喷雾系统)研究和植保机械关键技术(新型喷头及在线混药、智能化载运平台)研究等总体发展建议。     

Evaluation of the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control

Conidia of the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride were formulated in a paraffinic oil, ‘Shellsol’ T, and sprayed using the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer. Germination of the conidia collected from the spray was reduced by 30% as compared to unsprayed conidia. However, in bioassays, there was no detectable difference in virulence with conidia collected from the spray samples and unsprayed formulation. This indicated that, despite the recorded reduction in the concentration of active conidia, the efficacy of the formulation remained unchanged after passing through the exhaust nozzle sprayer. The droplet size spectra produced by the sprayer were investigated using the Malvern series 2600cc particle size analyser. The optimum droplets for locust control produced by this sprayer were generated by the number 1 nozzle (internal diameter 2·5 mm) with the number 1 restrictor ring (internal diameter 12.5 mm) sprayed at a pressure of 0·2 bar. The droplets thus produced had a volume median diameter of 58 μm when the nozzle protruded between 1 and 2 mm above the level of the restrictor ring. Of the droplets in the spray plume created by these conditions, 33% were between 50 and 100 μm, a range recommended as an achievable optimum for the ultra-low-volume application of Metarhizium flavoviride. The role of the exhaust nozzle sprayer as a tool for the application of M. flavoviride for locust control is discussed with reference to other vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayers. © 1997 SCI     

轻便型高地隙喷杆喷雾机大豆田间施药试验

针对大豆作物生长中后期施药难、施药效果差的问题,设计了一种轮距1600～1750mm可调、地隙800mm、轴距2000mm、喷幅8000mm、具有风幕辅助喷雾系统的轻便型高地隙喷杆喷雾机,并进行了田间施药试验。试验结果表明：在作业速度4km/h时,通过提高喷雾压力可使大豆冠层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高19.0个百分点,中层提高17.0个百分点,下层增加不到5个百分点;叶片背面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高5.5个百分点,中层提高2.3个百分点,下层增加不足1.0个百分点。通过更换喷嘴而提高雾滴的喷施量可以使大豆冠层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高210个百分点、中层提高26.0个百分点,下层提高10.0个百分点;叶片背面的雾滴覆盖率在上层提高5.0个百分点,中层提高1.0个百分点,下层无显著影响。当风幕出口风速为11.5m/s时,风幕系统能够使大豆冠层中部叶片正面雾滴覆盖率提高26.8个百分点,下部提高22.0个百分点,对大豆冠层上部叶片背面雾滴覆盖率提高23.1个百分点,中部提高18.1个百分点,下部提高8.4个百分点;风幕式施药技术能够有效提高雾滴在大豆冠层中的穿透性和分布均匀性,增加雾滴在植株各冠层叶片背面的附着率,但雾滴的地面流失率相对不使用风幕有所增加。     

3WX-2000HS型自走式喷杆喷雾机施药效果试验初报

为了解自走式喷杆喷雾机对水稻常用病害的防治效果及作业效率,以3WX-2000HS型自走式喷杆喷雾机为例,采用对比试验的方法,调查其防治稻瘟病、穗颈瘟、纹枯病的效果及水稻的产量。试验结果表明,丰茂3WX-2000HS型自走式喷杆喷雾机的施药效果较好,虽然对水稻苗有一定压损,但增产效果明显。     

气流辅助式喷雾工况参数对雾滴飘移特性的影响

采用三维流场的多相流计算流体力学模型,研究雾滴在自然风影响、辅助气流胁迫和自身重力作用下在连续相和雾滴粒子群离散相耦合的交互作用,并分析了不同工况参数对雾滴漂移特性的影响.结果表明:增大风筒气流出口速度,可以胁迫雾滴向靶标运动,减少雾滴飘失率.当喷嘴流量较小时,雾滴飘失率变小的趋势最为明显.然而喷嘴流量过大时,雾滴整体抗飘失能力显著下降.辅助气流的喷雾角对减少雾滴飘失相对于自然风速、辅助气流风速没有显著的影响.     

3WZ-700型自走式果园风送定向喷雾机

针对现代果园低矮密植的种植特点,设计了3WZ-700型自走式果园风送定向喷雾机。通过理论计算和虚拟样机技术,完成整机结构设计和各关键部件技术参数的确定。设计了适应于低矮密植果园的圆环双流道风送雾化装置,确定叶轮直径0.7 m、出风口宽度0.13 m。实现风机转速0～2 000 r/min的无级变速。田间试验结果表明,树膛内部枝叶正、反面雾滴附着率分别为61.22%、20.90%;树膛外部枝叶正、反面雾滴附着率分别为77.22%、37.17%;作业效率为1.02 hm2/h。     

自吸式喷雾降尘性能试验

为了提高喷雾降尘效果,提出了自吸空气式喷雾器降尘的方法,分析了自吸式喷雾器降尘工作原理,设计了不同结构的试验用自吸空气式喷雾器,并对其进行了正交试验和对比试验结合的相关试验.结果表明,喉嘴距、扩散角及水压等参数对自吸空气式喷雾器的SMD值、有效射程、雾化角、吸风量等均有不同程度的影响.当喉嘴距为48 mm、扩散角为30°、水压为6 MPa时,自吸空气式喷雾器的有效射程、雾化角、SMD值达到最佳,降尘效果最好;当水压为6 MPa时,常规单喷嘴喷雾的SMD值为124.3μm,自吸喷雾SMD值为108.5μm,自吸喷雾比常规单喷嘴喷雾的SMD值降低12.7%;当水压为6 MPa时,常规单喷嘴喷雾全尘降尘效率为92.67%、呼吸性降尘效率为87.21%,而正交试验优化得出的自吸喷雾全尘降尘效率为93.6%、呼吸性降尘效率为92.69%,自吸喷雾比常规单喷嘴喷雾的全尘降尘效率提高不太明显,但呼吸性降尘效率提高较明显.     

Evaluation of ultrasonic sensor for variable-rate spray applications

Automatic variable-rate sprayers require accurate measurement of canopy size. An estimate of canopy size is made by measuring the distance to the canopy at several elevations above the ground; an ultrasonic sensor was used to determine canopy distance in this study. It is sometimes necessary to conduct spray operations during harsh operating conditions. In this study ultrasonic sensors were subjected to simulated environmental and operating conditions to determine their durability and accuracy. Conditions tested included exposure to extended cold, outdoor temperatures, cross winds, temperature change, dust clouds, travel speeds and spray cloud effects. The root mean square (RMS) error in a series of measurements of the distance to a simulated plant canopy was used to test for significant difference among treatments. After exposure to outdoor cold conditions for 4 months, the RMS error in distance measured by the ultrasonic sensor increased from 3.31 to 3.55 cm, which was not statistically significant. Neither the presence of dust cloud nor the changes in cross-wind speeds over a range from 1.5-7.5 m/s had significant effects on the mean RMS errors. Varying sensor travel speed from 0.8 to 3.0 m/s had no significant influence on sensor detection distances. Increasing ambient temperature from 16.7 to 41.6 °C reduced the detection distance by 5.0 cm. The physical location of the spray nozzle with respect to the ultrasonic sensor had a significant effect on mean RMS errors. The mean RMS errors of sensor distance measurements ranged from 2.3 to 83.0 cm. The RMS errors could be reduced to acceptable values by proper controlling the sensor/spray nozzles spacing on a sprayer. In addition, multiple-synchronized sensors were tested for their measurement stability and accuracy (due to possible cross-talk errors) when mounted on a prototype sprayer. It was found that isolating the pathway of the ultrasonic wave of each sensor reduced detecting interference between sensors during multiple sensor operation. Test methods presented herein may be useful in the design of standardized testing protocols for field use distance sensors.