巢湖表层沉积物重金属的分布特征及生物有效性

为分析沉积物中重金属的分布特征、相互关系及其可能来源,以安徽巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定5种重金属(铅、铜、镍、锌、镉)总量和同步浸提重金属(SEM)含量,同时测定酸可挥发性硫化物、总氮、总磷、总有机碳等多种指标,利用低影响程度(ER-L)和中影响程度(ER-M)基准值,[∑SEM]/[AVS]模型和[∑SEM]-[AVS]模型,判断预测表层沉积物中重金属的生物有效性。结果显示:重金属总量在全湖的空间分布不均匀,具有入湖口大于湖心的特征,共8个指标超过ER-L基准值,西湖区各金属总量大于东湖区,两者之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),全湖[∑SEM]/[AVS]的值在1.097～2.076之间,但[∑SEM]-[AVS]的变化范围为0.127～0.996μmol/g;表明重金属Cu、Cd污染较严重,人为输入影响大,AVS对重金属的束缚作用有重要影响,大部分表层沉积物中的重金属生物有效性低。     

Bioavailability of tryptophan in selected foods by rat growth assay

Tryptophan bioavailabilities were estimated in 16 protein sources using 10 day rat growth assays with casein as the reference protein. Growth responses of rats fed test food diets were compared to growth responses of rats fed basal diets with graded levels of tryptophan ranging from 50 to 100 mg of tryptophan/100 g diet. Estimates of tryptophan availabilities were 85–100% for all products except whole wheat cereal (73%) and pinto beans (59%). Results of a previous study on lysine availability indicated that poor response to pinto beans was due either to poor digestibility or to the presence of some unidentified growth inhibitor.     

Bioavailability of iron from four different local food plants in Jordan

The bioavailability of iron from local plants(black cumin seeds, milk thistle seeds, sesame seedsand thyme leaves) was investigated. Apparentabsorption of iron was calculated by subtracting fecal iron(using total collection of feces) from iron intake inSprague-Dawley rats. Two trials of animal feeding wereperformed. Liver and serum concentrations of iron, andserum hemoglobin concentration were taken as responseparameters for the bioavailability. Dry thyme wasparticularly rich in iron (117.2 mg/100 g dry matter)and milk thistle seeds in crude fiber (25 g/100 g drymatter). Rats fed the dry thyme diet or thatsupplemented with 5% egg white died but when the dietwas supplemented with 10% egg white, the animalssurvived. Iron intake and apparent and total ironabsorption were highest for the rats fed the drythyme-egg white diet. Liver weights for the groups fedblack cumin seeds and dry thyme were significantlyhigher (p < 0.05) than those for the groups fed milkthistle and sesame seeds. Liver content of ironwas highest for the animals fed black cumin seeds.Serum iron content increased significantly (p < 0.05)for the animals fed black cumin seeds, and serumhemoglobin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the groups fed milk thistle seed and blackcumin seed diets, but decreased for the group fed thethyme-egg white diet. It is concluded from this studythat iron was better utilized from black cumin seedsas indicated by liver storage of iron. On the otherhand, thyme had the highest iron absorption but lowestutilization.     

Evaluation of preflooding effects on iron extractability and phytoavailability in highly calcareous soil in containers

Previous pot cropping and laboratory incubation experiments were consistent with field observations showing that temporary flooding before cropping can increase the availability of soil Fe to plants. To study the effect of temporary flooding on changes in soil Fe phytoavailability we used 24 highly calcareous, Fe chlorosis–inducing soils to carry out a pot experiment where peanut and chickpea were successively grown after flooding for 30 d. At the end of the cropping experiment, the preflooded soil samples exhibited higher concentrations of acid oxalate‐, citrate/ascorbate‐ and diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe (Fe_ox, Fe_ca, and Fe_DTPA, respectively) than the control (nonflooded) samples. Also, Fe_ox and Fe_ca exhibited no change by effect of reflooding of the cropped soils or three wetting–drying cycles in freeze‐dried slurries of soils previously incubated anaerobically for several weeks. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (LCC) in both peanut and chickpea was greatly increased by preflooding. The best predictor for LCC was Fe_ox, followed by Fe_ca and Fe_DTPA. The LCC–soil Fe relationships found suggest that the Fe species extracted by oxalate and citrate/ascorbate from preflooded soils were more phytoavailable than those extracted from control soils. However, the increased phytoavailability of extractable Fe forms was seemingly limited to the first crop (peanut). Flooding dramatically increased Fe_DTPA; however, high Fe_DTPA levels did not result in high LCC values, particularly in the second crop. Therefore, this test is a poor predictor of the severity of Fe chlorosis in preflooded soils.     

菜地土壤铅、镉有效态与生物有效性研究

通过野外采样、室内测试分析,探讨重庆市北碚区菜地土壤铅、镉的有效态含量及生物有效性。结果表明：研究区菜地土壤铅、镉有效态平均含量为3.114,0.051mg/kg,生物有效性系数分别为7.7%,25.1%;小白菜可食部分铅、镉平均含量分别为0.123,0.021mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.4%,9.8%;从富集系数和生物有效性系数看,研究区菜地土壤镉的潜在生态风险要大于铅的。研究区菜地土壤理化性质中pH对有效态镉有显著影响;砂粒、粘粒和有机质对有效态铅含量有显著影响;铅、镉有效态与全量变化一致,全量是有效态含量的主要影响因素;土壤类型对铅、镉有效态含量有影响;在人类活动中交通对有效态铅含量有影响,肥料的施用对有效态镉含量有影响。菜地土壤中铅、镉有效态含量与小白菜可食部分铅、镉的含量相关性优于全量的,用土壤中铅、镉的有效态表征铅、镉的生态风险更准确。     

Relative bioavailability of selenium yeast for broilers fed a conventional corn–soybean meal diet

The present study was conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of selenium (Se) as Se yeast (SY) relative to sodium selenite (SS) for broilers fed a conventional corn–soybean meal diet. A total of 360 one-d-old Arbor Acres commercial broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design involving a 2 (Se sources: SY and SS) × 2 (added Se levels: 0.20 and 0.40 mg Se/kg) factorial design of treatments plus 1 (a Se-unsupplemented control diet) for 42 days. The results showed that Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas and kidney of broilers on d 21 and 42, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in the pancreas on d 21 as well as in the breast muscle and pancreas on d 42, and GSH-Px mRNA levels in the liver, heart, breast muscle and pancreas on d 21 increased linearly (p < .03) as levels of added Se increased. Furthermore, a difference (p ≤ .05) between SY and SS was detected for Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas and kidney, GSH-Px activity in pancreas on both d 21 and 42, as well as pancreatic GSH-Px mRNA level on d 21. Based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regressions of the above indices, the Se bioavailabilities of SY relative to SS (100%) were 111%–394% (p ≤ .05) when calculated from the Se concentrations in plasma, liver, heart, breast muscle, pancreas, kidney and GSH-Px activities in pancreas on d 21 and 42, as well as GSH-Px mRNA level in pancreas on d 21. The results from this study indicated that the Se from SY was more available for enhancing the Se concentrations in plasma or tissues and the expression and activity of GSH-Px in pancreas of broilers than the Se from SS.     

帕托珠利混悬液在仔猪体内的药代动力学及生物利用度研究

为研究帕托珠利混悬液在仔猪体内的药动学特征及生物利用度,采用平行实验设计方法,将16头 40 日龄健康仔猪随机分成两组,每组8头（公母各半）,分别进行单剂量静脉注射（6mg/kg bw）和单剂量口服给药（15mg/kg bw）,所有猪给药前禁食12h,给药2h后恢复正常饮食。给药后按预定的采血点采集血样,血浆中帕托珠利的含量采用经验证的 HPLC检测方法进行测定。实测血药浓度数据采用Graphad prism 8.0拟合药时曲线图,并用 Winnonlin5.2计算药动学参数。结果显示,单剂量静脉注射帕托珠利注射液后帕托珠利在仔猪体内主要药动学参数如下：平均消除半衰期（T1/2?）为136.98h,平均滞留时间（MRT）为165.92h,平均药时曲线下面积（AUC0-t）为1570.97 h?μg/mL,平均表观分布容积（Vz）为695.59 mL/kg,平均血浆清除率（CL）为3.77 mL/h?kg;单剂量口服帕托珠利混悬液后帕托珠利在仔猪体内主要药动学参数如下：平均消除半衰期（T1/2?）为134.05h,平均达峰时间（Tmax）为42.00h,平均峰浓度（Cmax）为14.03μg/mL,平均滞留时间（MRT）为173.19h,平均药时曲线下面积（AUC0-t）为2831.00 h?μg/mL,帕托珠利混悬液口服给药绝对生物利用度为72.08%。结果表明,帕托珠利在猪体内分布较差,消除缓慢;仔猪口服帕托珠利混悬液达峰时间较长,但吸收良好。     

磺胺—6—甲氧嘧啶在京Ⅲ鸡体内的药物代谢动力学

本文报告了磺胺—6—甲氧嘧啶(DS—36)在京Ⅲ鸡体内的药物代谢动力学(简称药动学)。用夏普PC—1500袖珍计算机,对血药浓度—时间数据进行药动学模型嵌合,并选用合适的动力学模型描述了DS—36的药动学特点。结果表明:静注DS—36后,血药经时过程符合无吸收因素二室模型。tyαβ=9.26±0.60(hr),Vd=8.40±1.60(100ml/kg·hr),Tcp(ther)=11.29±2.94(hr)。京Ⅲ鸡在单剂量胃管投服DS-36混悬液(100mg/kg)后,血药浓度变化符合有吸收因素一空模型。ka=0.513±0.0992(hr~(-1)),T_(max)=4.42+0.57(hr)、C_(max)=9.11±0.25(mg%),tyαke=9.38±0.49(hr),生物利用度F=94.47%。根据单剂量给药参数计算出多剂量给药参数,推荐的口服治疗方案为:负荷剂量Do=170mg/kg,维持剂量Do=100mg/kg,给药间隔L=12(hr)。     

土壤结合态农药残留生物有效性研究进展

对国内外关于结合态农药残留的概念、与土壤的相互作用机理、在土壤中的残留量以及对土壤动物、微生物、植物的有效性研究作了较为全面的综述。综述指出，土壤中农药残留与有机质存在以下几种作用机理：共价键结合、离子键结合、电荷转移复合体、配位体交换、疏水性结合、整合作用以及氢键和范德华力；农药残留与粘土矿物也存在相互作用。与可萃取态残留相比，结合态农药残留对土壤动物、微生物、植物的有效性明显降低；土壤结合态农药残留对植物生长有抑制作用并在植物体内积累，积累量与农药品种、作物类型、利用方式等有关。     

河流底泥重金属不同形态的生物有效性

采用逐级连续化学浸提技术分析底泥重金属的形态 ,结合微生态系统生物暴露试验 ,通过线性回归的方法 ,评价了不同形态的生物有效性。结果表明 ,不同形态重金属的生物有效性 ,对不同吸收途径的生物是不同的。对于食腐屑的底栖动物而言 ,底泥Cu的水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化态 ,Pb的水溶态 ,Mn的水溶态、离子交换态、有机 -部分硫化物态可被生物吸收利用 ;而底泥Cu的水溶态 ,Pb的水溶态对滤食性底栖动物具有生物有效性 ;底泥Cu的水溶态 ,Pb的水溶态 ,Zn的水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐态、有机 -部分硫化物态 ,Mn的水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐态、铁锰氧化物态对水生根系植物是有效的。