土壤有机碳储量及影响其分解因素

土壤有机碳库的平衡状况与大气CO2含量密切相关。综述了土壤有机碳储量及影响土壤有机碳分解变化的因素,着重介绍土地利用方式、环境因子及添加有机物料等对土壤有机碳的影响,并提出今后农田土壤有机碳的研究方向。     

基于1:50 000土壤数据库并结合PKB方法估算中国浙江省土壤有机碳储量的研究

Soil organic carbon(SOC) is an important component of farming systems and global carbon cycle. Accurately estimating SOC stock is of great importance for assessing soil productivity and modeling global climate change. A newly built 1:50 000 soil database of Zhejiang Province containing 2 154 geo-referenced soil profiles and a pedological professional knowledge-based(PKB) method were used to estimate SOC stock up to a depth of 100 cm for the Province. The spatial patterns of SOC stocks stratified by soil types,watershed(buffer analysis), topographical factors, and land use types were identified. Results showed that the soils in Zhejiang covered an area of 100 740 km2 with a total SOC stock of 831.49 × 106 t and a mean SOC density of 8.25 kg m-2, excluding water and urban areas. In terms of soil types, red soils had the highest SOC stock(259.10 × 106t), whereas mountain meadow soils contained the lowest(0.15 × 106t). In terms of SOC densities, the lowest value(5.11 kg m-2) was found in skel soils, whereas the highest value(45.30 kg m-2) was observed in mountain meadow soils. Yellow soils, as a dominant soil group, determined the SOC densities of different buffer zones in Qiantang River watershed because of their large area percentage and wide variation of SOC density values.The area percentages of various soil groups significantly varied with increasing elevation or slope when overlaid with digital elevation model data, thus influencing the SOC densities. The highest SOC density was observed under grassland, whereas the lowest SOC density was identified under unutilized land. The map of SOC density(0–100 cm depth) and the spatial patterns of SOC stocks in the Province would be helpful for relevant agencies and communities in Zhejiang Province, China.     

The impact of fire on redistribution of soil organic matter on a mediterranean hillslope under maquia vegetation type

Soil organic matter (SOM) changes affect the CO₂ atmospheric levels and is a key factor on soil fertility and soil erodibility. Fire affects ecosystems and the soil properties due to heating and post‐fire soil erosion and degradation processes. In order to understand fire effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) balance research was undertaken on a fire‐prone ecosystem: the Mediterranean maquia . The spatial distribution of SOC was measured in a Burnt site 6 months after a wildfire and in a Control site. Samples were collected at two different depths (0–3 and 3–10 cm) and SOC was determined. The results show that 41·8 per cent of the SOC stock was lost. This is due to the removal of the burnt material by surface wash. No significant differences in SOC content were found for the subsurface samples between burnt and control plots. Those results show that ashes and charcoal are transported by runoff downslope and are subsequently deposited in the valley bottom and this is the key process that contributes the burial of SOC after a forest fire. SOC redistribution by water erosion is accelerated after forest fires and contribute to the degradation of soils located at the upper part of the hillslopes but causes the enrichment with SOM of the soils located at the valley bottom. Buried SOC in the bottoms valley terraces will contribute to the sequestration of carbon for longer. Conservation of abandoned terraces is a key policy to avoid land degradation and climate change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Effects of retired steepland afforestation on soil properties: A case study in the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine how different afforestation strategies and slope positions affect soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. In a unique steepland formerly used as farmland in the Yangjuangou watershed of the Loess Plateau, three adjacent afforestation transects were selected as the sampling site: two single-species transects (Hippophae rhammoides and Artemisia capillaris), which each represented the single-species afforestation mode, and one mixed-species transect, which represented the multi-species afforestation mode. The results indicated that: (1) The soil organic carbon concentration in the multi-species afforestation mode was 25.8% and 27.7% higher than that in the other two single-species afforestation modes, while a minute difference in total nitrogen concentration was detected among the three afforestation transects. (2) Within the mixed-species and Hippophae rhammoides transect, both the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations showed an increasing trend from the upper slope position to the foot slope position. However, the soil organic carbon in the Artemisia capillaris transect was higher in the foot slope and upper slope but lower in the middle slope, demonstrating a “V” shape, and the total nitrogen increased from the foot slope position to the upper slope position. (3) The carbon : nitrogen ratios were no more than 10:1, which indicated the presence of easily decomposable soil organic matter. This study demonstrated the multi-species afforestation mode has better carbon accumulation potential compared with the single-species afforestation mode, which has important and informative implications for future vegetation restoration practices in the Loess Plateau and similar semi-arid environments.     

Long-term effects of crop rotation and different fertilization systems on soil fertility and productivity

The effects of crop rotation and fertilization systems on yield and soil fertility parameters have been investigated in a long-term field trial established in southeast Norway in 1953. The results indicate the small differences between crop rotations and different fertilization systems in yield and soil fertility parameters; the decreasing trend in soil organic carbon (SOC) (from 3.8 to 3.7%) and increasing trend of N with time (from 0.32 to 0.36%) and, as a result, the decreasing trend in C/N ratio (from 12 to 10).     

黔中地区三种林分土壤有机碳库比较

对黔中地区三种林分土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、稳定态有机碳及碳库管理指数进行研究.结果表明,3种林分0～60 cm土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、稳定态有机碳都表现为阔叶林＞杉木林＞马尾松林,马尾松林土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、稳定态有机碳比阔叶林分别减少了13.9％、37.0％、7.9％,杉木林比阔叶林分别减少了8.9％、24.7％、4.8％;各林分土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、稳定态有机碳都随着土层深度的增加而降低,阔叶林随土层加深变化幅度较大;土壤碳库管理指数也表现为阔叶林＞杉木林＞马尾松林.     

黑河上游冰沟流域4种土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系

为了探讨黑河上游冰沟流域不同土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系,为黑河上游冰沟流域水源涵养研究提供科学依据,采用野外采样,室内分析方法,研究了4种土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤特性的关系。结果表明：4种土壤有机碳含量和密度在整个土壤剖面上均表现为：森林灰褐土>高山灌丛草甸土>高山草甸土>山地栗钙土,且垂直分布均随土壤深度增加而减少,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土比其它土壤更有利于土壤有机碳储存和积累。森林灰褐土0～10 cm土壤有机碳密度为4.54 kg·m^-2,略高于我国森林土壤0～10 cm土壤平均碳密度（4.24 kg·m^-2）,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土区雨量充沛,林下植被丰富,凋落物现存量充足。4种土壤0～10 cm土层有机碳含量是整个土壤剖面土壤有机碳含量的30.69%～37.99%,有机碳密度是整个土壤剖面有机碳密度的29.31%～36.77%,说明黑河上游冰沟流域土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度在表层具有很强的表聚性,不合理的人为活动引发的水土流失极易造成土壤有机碳储量的减少,应增加黑河上游冰沟流域植被覆盖度,保护生态环境,减少水土流失。4种土壤有机碳、全氮、CEC、田间持水量、团聚体在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤容重、pH值在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而增大。经回归统计分析,4种土壤有机碳含量与土壤田间持水量、团聚体、全氮、CEC之间呈显著的正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH之间呈显著的负相关关系。这种变化规律与多数学者研究结果基本一致。     

Spectroscopic Determination of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content in Pasture Soils

To explore a convenient and efficient approach for determining the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), this study focused on capturing the features value of SOC and TN by applying the method of wavelet analysis and wavelet transformation. The soil used in the study was sampled from the pastures in Fukang City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The soil samples were tested by using a combined approach of chemical analysis and spectroscopy measurements. It was found that reflectance at 400–2500 nm was more strongly correlated to SOC than to TN. The maximum negative r values between reflectance and SOC + TN at 2309 nm was –0.81 (P < 0.01), and SOC/TN at 1693 was –0.48 (P < 0.05). The maximum correlation coefficient between SOC, TN, and wavelet coefficient was more than 0.96 compared to the relationship among SOC, TN, and spectral reflectance. By using continuous wavelet transformation (CWT), it was found that the maximum correlation coefficients were 0.981 at 2328 nm of scale 13 for SOC and 0.968 at 1741 nm of scale 6 for TN. These results also suggested that wavelet analysis was a better method for capturing the absorption features of soil properties and determining SOC and TN content.     

一平移二转动并联稳定平台拓扑结构设计

基于方位特征集理论和单开链单元,研究了少自由度并联稳定平台拓扑结构设计方法。并以运动输出为一平移二转动并联稳定平台为例,阐述了少自由度并联稳定平台拓扑结构综合的详细步骤,对包含有一平移二转动输出的单开链支路进行了分析与研究,并选出符合条件的单开链进行排列组合,得到了多种符合条件的拓扑结构类型。设计人员可根据此方法得到支路结构和拓扑参数特征选择最优机型。     

松嫩平原西部土壤有机碳空间变异研究——以吉林省通榆县为例

结合统计方法、地统计学方法和GIS技术,以吉林省通榆县为例,分析其土壤有机碳的空间变异特征.结果表明:通榆县土壤有机碳含量普遍较低,平均值仅为0.76%,变幅0.13%～3.72%.利用局部Moran's I指数检验法得到土壤样点中存在的14个异常值及其位置,剔除异常值后的变异函数理论模型块金效应小、决定系数高,土壤有机碳含量具有较强的空间自相关性,结构性因素(气候、母质、地形、土壤类型等)对其空间变异的贡献较大.通榆县土壤有机碳含量自西向东逐渐增加,且呈近似南北向的条带状梯度变化,这与该区域地势西高东低的空间格局存在较强的相关性(r=-0.64).统计检验表明,通榆县内西部土壤有机碳含量明显低于东部.西部干旱少雨、土壤质地偏沙,且地势较高等环境因子是形成上述空间分布格局的主要原因.