侵蚀条件下土壤有机碳流失研究进展

全球土壤有机碳库储量丰富且活跃,而作为碳流失主要驱动力的土壤侵蚀对陆地碳循环影响巨大,揭示其影响将对气候变化背景下深刻理解碳收支过程和相关政策的制定具有重要意义。该文主要介绍了近年来国内外关于水蚀和风蚀影响土壤有机碳流失过程的研究进展,分析了侵蚀条件下土壤碳的源汇争议,简述了土壤有机碳流失的原位和异位环境效应,并提出了相关研究的主要现实问题和未来发展方向。在侵蚀进程中,土壤有机碳的固定与流失并存,流失部分主要包括在地表径流泥沙和土壤呼吸过程中,当前相关研究多集中于侵蚀有机碳的去向问题。在一定的景观范围内,定量刻画侵蚀过程中土壤碳输入输出关系是今后区域碳循环研究领域亟待解决的关键科学问题。     

江汉平原不同土地利用和起源下农田土壤有机碳组分变化

调查采集了江汉平原不同土地利用和起源农田土壤表土样品,分析总有机碳(SOC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWEC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)及其有机碳键合组分含量特征,并探讨有机碳量和与之影响的主要土壤因素的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用和起源均会影响土壤有机碳水平,表现为湿地起源水田有机碳含量(18.34±5.78)g/kg显著高于旱地(11.18±3.39)g/kg,而红壤水田有机碳含量(16.21±4.13)g/kg与旱地(14.54±3.41)g/kg之间差异不显著;不同起源水田下无显著差异,而红壤起源旱地显著高于湿地起源旱地。HWEC和LOC及其占SOC比例均表现为湿地起源水田显著高于红壤水田。不同土地利用和起源下土壤有机碳的稳定机制不同,粘粒保护在湿地起源土壤中具有显著作用,而水田条件下,土壤有机碳的化学结合稳定显得与游离氧化铁的保护有关,红壤起源水田土壤中由于游离氧化铁的大量存在,这种保护作用对于土壤有机碳的稳定具有显著的贡献。     

Short‐term degradation of semiarid grasslands—results from a controlled‐grazing experiment in Northern China

The assessment of grassland degradation due to overgrazing is a global challenge in semiarid environments. In particular, investigations of beginning steppe degradation after a change or intensification of the land use are needed in order to detect and adjust detrimental land‐use management rapidly and thus prevent severe damages in these sensitive ecosystems. A controlled‐grazing experiment was established in Inner Mongolia (China) in 2005 that included ungrazed (UG) and heavily grazed plots with grazing intensities of 4.5 (HG4.5) and 7.5 (HG7.5) sheep per hectare. Several soil and vegetation parameters were investigated at all sites before the start of the experiment. Topsoil samples were analyzed for soil organic C (SOC), total N (N_tot), total S (S_tot), and bulk density (BD). As vegetation parameters, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), tiller density (TD), and leaf‐area index (LAI) were determined. After 3 y of the grazing experiment, BD increased and SOC, N_tot, S_tot, ANPP, and LAI significantly decreased with increasing grazing intensity. These sensitive parameters can be regarded as early‐warning indicators for degradation of semiarid grasslands. Vegetation parameters were, however, more sensitive not only to grazing but also to temporal variation of precipitation between 2006 and 2008. Contrary, soil parameters were primarily affected by grazing and resistant against climatic variations. The assessment of starting conditions in the study area and the application of defined grazing intensities is essential for the investigation of short‐term degradation in semiarid environments.     

连续种植超级稻对土壤有机碳及团聚体稳定性的影响

分别在长江中下游地区3处超级稻育种试验基地,选择多年连续种植超级稻和未种植超级稻的稻田,于水稻收获后采集表土未破坏土壤样品,采用低能量超声波分散法分离得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,研究超级稻连续种植后有机碳含量变化及其有机碳在团聚体颗粒组中的分配,探讨连续种植超级稻对土壤有机碳和团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明：连续种植超级稻后,水稻土表土有机碳含量均下降,降幅介于3％-14％;团聚体颗粒组组成以2000-200μm和200～20μm粒径为主,有机碳在2000—200μm和〈2μm两个粒级中最高;连续种植超级稻后2000～200μm大团聚体颗粒组质量分数提高,土壤团聚体稳定性增强。连续种植超级稻后有机碳含量下降可能是土壤短期的一种响应机制,长期来看并不改变水稻土的固碳潜力。     

Yield and yield components of two irrigated red bean cultivars and some soil properties as influenced by wheat residues and nitrogen management

Crop residues are beneficial substances affecting crop production and soil properties. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue rates (0, 25, 50 and 75%) combined with N levels (0, 34.5, 69, 103.5 kg ha^?1) on yield and yield components of two red common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and to monitor chemical soil parameters. The experiment was conducted at Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran for two years (2008–2009). The experiment was conducted as a split–split plot arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The highest seed yield was obtained when 25–50% of residues were incorporated. The highest seed yield, seed weight per plant, 100-seed weight and seed number per pod were obtained with 103.5 kg N ha^?1 with no significant difference to 69 kg N ha^?1. Residue incorporation significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as available K and P content. It is possible to sow red common bean as a double cropping by soil incorporation of 25–50% wheat residues with application of 69 kg N ha^?1.     

Profile carbon and nutrient levels and management effect on soil quality indicators in the Mardi watershed of Nepal

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient stocks in the soil profile (0–80 cm) in four dominant land uses [forest, upland maize and millet (Bari), irrigated rice (Khet), and grazed systems)] and 0–15 cm depth along elevation gradient 1000 to 3000 m, and aspects in the Mardi watershed were measured. Soil properties at 0–15 cm depth were also measured in undisturbed forest, forest with free grazed system, managed forest, and grassland to compare the soil quality index (SQI) of topsoils. The SOC and nutrient concentration decreased with increasing profile depth. The SOC and N contents in the 0–15 cm depth of forest soils were significantly greater than the corresponding depth in upland maize and millet, irrigated rice, and grazed systems. On the other hand, available P and K concentrations at the same depth were significantly greater in upland maize and millet compared to irrigated rice, grazed system, and forest land uses. The SOC and N stocks (0–15 cm) increased from agricultural land at the valley bottom at about 1000 m above mean sea level (a.s.l.) (24 and 3 Mg ha^?1) compared to undisturbed forest (74 and 5.9 Mg ha^?1) at 2600 m a.s.l, demonstrating the effects of cover and elevation. Both SOC and N stocks decreased sharply in grassland (54 and 4.5 Mg ha^?1) at elevations of 2600 to 2800 m a.s.l. compared with undisturbed forest. Above 2800 m a.s.l. the cover type changed from grass to coniferous forest, and the SOC and N stocks steadily increased at the summit level (3200 m a.s.l.) to 65 and 6.9 Mg ha^?1, respectively. Slope and aspect significantly affected SOC with the northwest aspect having significantly higher concentrations (46 g kg^?1) than other aspects. Similarly, SOC concentration at the lowest slope position (39 g kg^?1) was significantly higher than the middle or upper positions (25 and 13 g kg^?1). Integrated soil quality index (SQI) values varied from 0.17 to 0.69 for different land uses, being highest for undisturbed forest and lowest for irrigated rice. The SQI demonstrated the degradation status of land uses in the following ascending order: irrigated rice?>?grazed system?>?forest with free grazing?>?upland maize and millet?>?managed forest?>?grass land?>?undisturbed forest. The irrigated rice, grazed system, upland maize and millet, and freely grazed forestlands need immediate attention to minimize further deterioration of soil quality in these land uses.     

皖北平原蒙城县农田土壤有机碳空间变异及影响因素

以皖北平原典型农业生产大县亳州市蒙城县为代表,运用统计学、地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了其农田耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的空间分布及其影响因子。结果表明:研究区SOC含量为10.41±2.52 g kg-1,近30年来提高了55.61%,SOC变异系数为24%,属于中等变异程度。SOC含量在空间分布上表现为东北部、中部和西南部含量高,由西北向东南先逐渐增加后逐渐降低,变异程度较高。整个县域范围内SOC空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤机械组成(粉粒和砂粒含量),其次为秸秆还田。     

氮肥减量配施生物炭对稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性影响

氮肥减量配施生物炭对于提升土地生产力、提高土壤碳汇能力以及缓解气候变暖具有重要意义。依托大田试验,设置5个氮肥用量梯度(T0～T4):100%化肥氮,90%化肥氮,80%化肥氮,70%化肥氮,60%化肥氮,采用等氮原则,氮肥减少量用等氮量生物炭替代,以不施肥为对照(CK),结合室内矿化培养,揭示稻田有机碳矿化及酶活性对氮肥减量配施生物炭的响应。结果表明:与T0处理相比,T3处理(70%化肥氮+7.5 t/hm~2生物炭氮)土壤全氮,碱解氮及速效磷依次显著提高了6.67%,8.36%及30.94%(P0.05),T4处理的速效钾含量最高,显著提高了23.78%(P0.05)。氮肥减量配施生物炭可有效提升土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,且随配施生物炭比例的增大而增大;与矿化前相比,各处理矿化后SOC,微生物量碳(MBC)及微生物熵(qMB)依次下降1.39～1.75 g/kg, 24.62～67.57 mg/kg及0.13%～0.32%(P0.05)。SOC矿化速率在培养的第1天达到峰值,第1阶段(第1～6天)迅速下降,第2阶段(第6～30天)缓慢下降,第3阶段(第30～45天)矿化速趋于平稳,矿化速率与培养时间呈对数函数关系(P0.01)。培养结束时SOC累积矿化量和累积矿化率的变化范围分别为1.39～1.75 g/kg和6.02%～8.43%,均以T3处理最低。与CK和T0处理相比,T3处理的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最高,T1处理的酸性磷酸酶活性最高。水稻产量以T3处理(7.37 t/hm~2)最高,比T0处理增产39.58%(P0.05)。综上,氮肥减量30%配施生物炭可明显提高土壤肥力,减少SOC矿化,增加土壤固碳,提高土壤酶活性及水稻产量。     

太湖地区长期不同施肥水稻土N2和CO2固定细菌群落结构的特征与差异

土壤N2固定细菌和CO2固定细菌是土壤碳氮循环重要的微生物群落,不同施肥下土壤有机碳积累与这两类微生物群落结构及活性的关系有助于了解施肥对农田碳氮循环的影响特点.本文研究了太湖地区自1987年开始的水稻土长期施肥试验,选取不施肥(NF)、氮磷钾(NPK)肥(CF)、NPK肥与猪粪配施(CFM)和NPK肥与秸秆还田配施(CFS)小区,采集(0-20 cm)表层样本,以nifH和cbbLR基因分别作为N2和CO2固定细菌的指示基因,用PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR的方法研究二者的群落结构,并用平板菌落计数法测定土壤自生固氮细菌数量和用乙炔还原法测定土壤固氮酶活性.结果表明,与CF处理相比,CF、CFM和CFS处理下的自生固氮细菌数量分别提高了58％、66％和106％;CF、CFM和CFS处理下的nifH基因丰度分别提高了213％、1079％和344％.CF与CFM处理的土壤固氮酶活性显著高于NF和CFS处理.因此,施肥提高了cbbLR基因的多样性.与NF处理相比,CF、CFM和CFS处理下的cbbLR基因丰度分别提高了465％、1827％和758％.相关性分析表明,土壤自生固氮菌数量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关,cbbLR和nifH基因丰度均与归一化的土壤养分呈极其显著正相关.研究表明,有机/无机肥配施下土壤养分平衡对维持N2和CO2固定细菌较高的丰度具有重要的作用.     

温带针阔叶林土壤有机碳动态和微生物群落结构对有机氮添加的响应特征

森林生态系统土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)转化和碳储量动态对大气氮沉降增加的响应是具有特异性的,取决于土壤初始氮状态、施氮类型、剂量与持续时间。过去相关研究主要集中在无机氮沉降效应方面,对有机氮沉降如何影响温带针阔混交林SOC及其组分含量尚不清楚,鲜有研究关注氮素富集条件下SOC变化的微生物学机制。以长白山温带针阔混交林为研究对象,设置4个尿素添加水平(0、40、80、120 kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1),以N计,下同)的原位控制试验。施肥三年后,采集0～10 cm矿质层土壤样品,测定土壤不同形态氮含量、土壤团聚体比例和不同粒径SOC含量;利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术测定土壤微生物不同种群相对丰度与群落结构,探讨SOC含量变化与微生物群落变化之间的相关关系。结果表明,施氮三年显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N、DON和TN含量,土壤酸化明显。施氮虽然未显著增加表层土壤总SOC含量,但是显著增加活性SOC组分(颗粒态有机碳和团聚体结合态有机碳)含量,增幅介于27.5%～96.3%,导致SOC组分发生累积的大气氮沉降临界负荷为80kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1)以N计下同。SOC含量的变化(ΔSOC)与团聚体结合态有机碳、颗粒态有机碳含量的变化正相关。除好氧细菌丰度外,施氮总体上未改变微生物种群丰度,但是显著改变了微生物的群落结构,革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌(G+/G–)丰度比例增加而好氧/厌氧细菌(A/AN)丰度比例下降。有机氮富集倾向于促进温带针阔混交林土壤团聚体的形成,局域产生厌氧微环境,好氧/厌氧细菌(A/AN)丰度比例下降。活性SOC组分含量、土壤团聚体百分比和微生物PLFA丰度之间显著相关,暗示微生物群落结构与SOC积累和稳定之间关系密切。上述研究结果表明,氮素富集会改变温带针阔混交林土壤微生物群落结构,进而导致土壤碳积累。