水稻不同品种(品系)对比试验总结

试验采用大区对比的方法,研究垦鉴稻14等17个品种(品系)在应用水稻"三化"栽培模式下的生物学特性和经济性状,旨在筛选出适合黑龙江省第三积温带下限区域的优良水稻品种。结果表明:垦粳04-549、垦鉴稻14、垦稻11、农大04-004等几个品种(系),在抗性、丰产性等方面表现较好。     

甘薯新品种综合性状鉴定与利用分析

为了及时鉴定福建省近年来选育的甘薯新品种的丰产性和适应性,加快品种更新更换。2006、2007连续两年组织了泉薯76、福薯8号、金山679、龙薯13号等7个甘薯新品种,在福州等9个点进行三重复试验,通过试验,结果表明不同品种间产量存在极显著差异,品种与地点互作也存在极显著差异。泉薯76、福薯8号、龙薯14号3个品种食味评分、晒干率、出粉率均高于对照,且抗蔓割病、中抗薯瘟病以上。金山679、金山763、龙薯13号3个品种鲜薯产量比对照增产极显著,其他性状与对照相当。这6个品种可在全省进一步加大试验力度;福薯9号食味评分、晒干率、出粉率均高于对照,薯肉带紫色。但仅在莆田、浦城、龙岩、南安、泉州5个试点表现丰产性较好,可在这些区域进一步加大试验力度。     

Interaction between cultivar and crop management effects on winter wheat diseases, lodging, and yield

The breeding of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for resistance to major fungal diseases has been a priority over the last 15 years in France. During this period, integrated low-input strategies have been developed for winter wheat, to cope with falling grain prices and growing environmental concerns. We investigated the interactions between genotype and management for disease and lodging intensities, and analysed their effects on yield within an integrated crop management (CM) context.

A multi-environment experimental network (13 locations, studied in three seasons, between 1999–2000 and 2001–2002) comprising several combinations of cultivars and CM systems was carried out. Four rule-based CM plans were defined, with a decrease in input level from CM1 (a high-input CM plan designed to maximise the yield of a given cultivar) to CM4 (a low-input system with no fungicide protection, no plant growth regulator applications, a sowing density 40% lower than for CM1, and 90 kg ha⁻¹ less N fertiliser than for CM1). Cultivars were clustered into three groups (cultivar type (CT) CT1–CT3), according to their scores for resistance to diseases, for the analysis of yield, whereas the resistance cultivar rating (CR) for each disease and for lodging was considered for the analysis of disease and lodging intensities.

For all diseases, CM had a significant effect (P<0.0001), with disease intensity increasing from CM1 to CM4, whereas CR had a negative effect (P<0.005). An interaction between CR and CM was also detected for all diseases (P<0.005) except eyespot. Lodging intensity decreased significantly from CM1 to CM4 (P<0.0001), and significant increases in lodging resistance score (P<0.0001) were not associated with a genotype by management interaction.

Lastly, yield was significantly affected by CM (P<0.0001), CT (P<0.0003), and CM by CT interaction (P=0.0023). Cultivar ranking differed as a function of CM for yield, demonstrating that breeding programs focusing on cultivar evaluation in high-input environments do not result in the selection of cultivars suited to low-input environments.     

不同抗性水平的家绳在不同用药方式下抗性机制的演变

增效作用和生化研究结果表明 ,对溴氰菊酯具有中等抗性和高等抗性水平的家蝇 ,在不同用药方式作用下 ,羧酸酯酶、多功能氧化酶的酶活力都有不同程度的提高 ,谷胱甘肽 - S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力变化不大 ;在轮换用药和混合用药方式下 ,乙酰胆碱酯酶与底物亲和力降低。     

稻瘟病抗性基因分析

利用累积分布曲线法,用我国5个菌系——ZA#-1、ZB#-(13),ZC#-(13),ZE#-1,ZF#-1,在温室人工接种丽江新团黑谷×腾选和丽江新团黑谷×旱谷两个组合7套F#-3系统。结果表明,旱谷对ZA#-1、ZB#-(13),ZC#-(13),ZE#-1菌系的抗性是由1对显性基因控制的;腾选对ZC#-(13),ZE#-1菌系的抗性是由1对显性基因控制的,对ZF#-1菌系的抗性是由2对显性基因控制的。     

小麦近缘属种纹枯病的抗性鉴定

用土壤接种法对２６份小麦近缘材料、栽培品种及其杂交后代的抗纹枯病性能进行了鉴定。结果表明,小麦近缘植物中存在着丰富的抗纹枯病资源,其中有５份材料表现免疫,他们是节节麦３４、峨观草、野燕麦、八倍体小黑麦、六倍体小黑麦;有１２份材料表现高抗,他们是斯卑尔脱小麦、峨观草（河南）、圆锥小麦、密穗小麦、二棱大麦、阿比西尼亚小麦、节节麦３４×Ｂ１８６、波兰小麦、六棱大麦、硬粒小麦、四棱小麦、茹可夫斯基小麦;有５份材料表现中抗,他们是波斯小麦、东方小麦、节节麦２８×冀麦５４１８、印度圆粒小麦、节节麦２８;只有节节麦３４×豫麦９号为高度感病。     

小麦抗麦红吸浆虫鉴定及筛选技术研究

通过３年小麦抗吸浆虫的品种鉴定及抗虫品种的选育,摸索出一套简便、易行的鉴定技术,并选育出３个抗吸浆虫小麦新品系。     

茶树种质资源抗茶云纹叶枯病鉴定

茶树种质资源抗茶云纹叶枯病鉴定,进行了田间自然发病调查、苗圃茶苗和室内离体茶枝人为接种试验.室内离体接种诱发的病叶还进行了病原菌的再分离.室内离体接种的病情指数与苗圃中接种的病情指数及自然发病调查的病情指数的相关系数分别为r= 0.6993、r= 0.4036,可见离体接种试验结果与苗圃试验和自然发病调查结果具较好吻合性.离体茶枝接种诱发的病叶经分离培养均为该病的分生孢子.确定离体茶枝接种为该病抗性的鉴定方法,拟定抗性等级划分标准,筛选出高抗茶资源1份、抗的12份、中抗的13份.大叶种的抗病性差于中叶种的茶资源.     

转基因抗棉铃虫品种与常规棉花品种的比较研究

选择４个抗棉铃虫品种（系）和４个常规品种（系）,从产量及其构成因素、纤维品质、农艺性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,抗棉铃虫品种产量低于常规品种产量,主要原因是抗虫品种单铃重偏低,其次是抗虫品种生长期偏短和生长势偏弱。纤维品质指标都能满足纺织工业的要求。     

马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）对晚疫病（Phytophthora infestans）的影响

在温室条件下,以脱毒马铃薯为试材,研究了PVY对晚疫病的影响。结果表明：PVY汁液接种脱毒马铃薯28d后,用晚疫病菌接种,其孢子囊悬浮液浓度为1．0×104个·mL-1时,PVY对晚疫病的抑制作用最明显;马铃薯植株体内PVY的浓度与晚疫病的发病率、病斑大小及病情指数呈负相关。说明马铃薯感染PVY后诱导了植株对晚疫病的抗性,不同因子影响降低了马铃薯感Y病毒叶片对晚疫病菌的感病性。