Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

This paper evaluates the resource and energy requirements of six different types of land-based, hatchery production systems located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: flow-through with a gravity water supply, flow-through with a pumped water supply, flow-through with pure oxygen, partial reuse system, partial reuse with heating, and a reuse system for the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Key parameters used in the evaluation include direct energy, indirect energy, transportation energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollutant discharges.Power (electricity and natural gas) and feed energy accounted for the majority of the required energy for all the rearing option evaluated. The sum of the fixed capital and chemicals components accounted for less than 2–12% of the total energy budget for any rearing option. The energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of the six options ranges from 0.97% for flow-through with pumped supply to 3.49% for the flow-through with gravity supply. The rearing options with the three highest energy efficiencies were flow-through with gravity supply (3.49%), partial reuse (2.75%), and reuse (2.64%).On a kg of smolt produced basis, the six rearing options showed a wide range in performance. The reuse system had the lowest water (2 m³ kg^− 1) and land (0.13 m² kg^− 1) requirements and the third lowest total energy requirement (288 MJ kg^− 1). The partial reuse system had the second lowest total power requirement (276 MJ kg^− 1), a low land requirement (0.21 m² kg^− 1), and moderate water requirements (33 m³ kg^− 1). The partial reuse with temperature control had the second highest total power requirement (657 MJ kg^− 1) and land and water requirements similar to the partial reuse system without temperature control. The flow-through system with pumped water supply had the highest water (289 m³ kg^− 1), land (2.19 m² kg^− 1), and energy requirements (786 MJ kg^− 1) of any of the rearing options. By comparison, the flow-through system with gravity water supply had the lowest energy requirement (218 MJ kg^− 1), a moderate land requirement (0.78 m² kg^− 1), and a high water requirement (214 m³ kg^− 1). The ranking of the six rearing options based capital and operating costs are likely to be quite different from those based on energy, water, and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Can large-scale biofuels production be sustainable by 2020?

Worldwide, many nations impose blending of their transport fuels with biofuels, approximating 10% globally by 2020, to contribute to energy security while reducing emission of green house gasses (GHG). Food riots, scientific insights that question the GHG benefits and raised concern about the loss of biodiversity, have lead to the formulation by various governments of sustainability criteria for biofuels to comply with. In this paper, we assess this conditionality and argue that large-scale biofuels production will be unable to comply with these criteria in 2020, and can therefore not be qualified as sustainable.     

Potential futures for road transportation CO2 emissions in the Asia Pacific

Abstract: Will future transportation carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per capita in Asia Pacific economies follow historical trends of the now developed world? Evidence to date is inconclusive. A comparison at similar income levels (purchasing power parity) between recent emissions in Asia Pacific countries and historical emissions in developed countries suggests diverging patterns. (A) High‐income Asia economies (Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore –‘low emitters’) exhibit lower emissions than a selected sample of seven developed countries (United States, Australia, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden and United Kingdom). (B) Another set of Asian countries (South Korea and Taiwan –‘medium emitters’) follow the emissions trends of European countries, which are lower than those of Australia and the United States. (C) A third Asian group (Malaysia and Thailand –‘high emitters’) exhibit emission trends comparable to that of Australia. We describe these trends, examine their causes and extrapolate likely futures for emissions in low‐income Asia Pacific economies (China, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam). Although such predictions are speculative, the available evidence suggests that road CO₂ emissions for Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam will follow those of the third group (high emitters), while those for China may follow either Group B or Group C.     

DME发动机非常规排放物的检测与分析

用气相色谱仪和傅立叶红外光谱仪对燃用DME的ZS195柴油机的排气中的甲醛(HCHO)、甲酸甲酯(CHCOOCH3)、甲酸(HCOOH)非常规排放物进行了检测和分析。结果表明,DME发动机的尾气排放中,均检测到HCHO,HCOOCH3,HCOOH排放物,且甲醛是非常规排放物中的主要成分,甲醛、甲酸甲酯的排放量随转速上升而略有上升,随负荷增加而不同程度的减少,而甲酸排放量变化则不甚明显。     

醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放研究

通过对发动机排气管隔热保温,在JL368Q3型电喷汽油机上开展了醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放的研究,采用气相色谱-氦离子化检测器(PDHID)快速检测方法检测发动机的醇醛排放。结果表明:与排气管保温前相比,排气管保温后醇排放降低,低负荷工况下(Tc850 K)醛排放变化不大,中高负荷工况下(Tc≥850 K)醛排放降低,醇醛排放降幅随排气温度升高而变大。排气管保温延长了排气在高温下的反应时间,有利于未燃醇、醛的快速氧化,转速为4 000 r/min、负荷高于21 N·m时(Tc≥900 K),排气管保温后未燃醇、醛排放降低70%以上。排气温度和高温下的氧化反应时间对醇醛的氧化影响较大。     

Tannins in forage plants and their role in animal husbandry and environmental sustainability: a review

The literature about tannins, polyphenolic secondary metabolites of plants, with both beneficial and adverse function according to their concentration and chemical structure, is vast and often conflicting. Tannins in forages have often been described as antinutritional factors, but this review aims to update information on beneficial effects on animals and the environment. Although research on the relation between tannins and animal production and health, for example, dry‐matter intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and diseases, has mainly focused on condensed tannins, this review also discusses potential benefits from the use of hydrolysable tannins as a feed additive. Attention is given to the use of tannins in the mitigation of methane emissions from ruminants in forage‐based feeding systems and as a natural and ecologically friendly resource for improvement of nutrient utilization and environmental sustainability in meat and dairy farming.     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

基于CLUE-S模型县域土地利用情景模拟与碳排放效应分析

土地利用与变化产生的碳排放是国家温室气体排放清单核算中的重要组成部分。该研究以辽宁省沈阳市法库县为研究区域,基于2013年土地利用现状数据,运用CLUE-S模型对法库县2019年土地利用变化格局进行模拟与验证。在此基础上,通过设置基线情景、农业发展、建设发展、生态保护、土地利用结构优化5种模拟情景预测2030年法库县土地利用分布空间格局及各情景下土地利用碳收支状况。结果表明：1）CLUE-S模型对法库县土地利用格局变化具有良好的模拟能力,Kappa系数为0.989 6,模拟总体精度达到99.14%;2）在5种模拟情景中,土地利用结构优化情景下2030年法库县土地资源利用效果最优,是法库县中长期发展阶段较为适宜的土地利用模式;3）法库县2013-2019年碳排放量增长5.53%。5种模拟情景同2019年相比,除生态保护和农业发展情景外,其余模拟情景下法库县碳排放量均呈现增长趋势,其中土地利用结构优化情景增幅最小,为2.29%。研究结果可为法库县土地利用优化布局、国土空间规划编制及碳减排相关政策制订提供参考依据和决策支持,研究方法也可为其他区域土地利用格局预测及碳收支变化提供借鉴。     

江西省县域农业碳排放时空格局及影响因素分析

农业生产是碳排放的主要来源之一,在碳达峰碳中和的时代背景下,厘清区域农业碳排放现状并分析其时空变化和影响因素具有重要意义。江西省是农业大省,近几十年来农业的快速发展伴随着农业碳排放量的升高。因此基于本区域水稻种植、农资投入、土壤利用及畜禽养殖4类主要碳源,构建农业碳排放测算体系,评估2000－2020年农业碳排放量,分析县域农业碳排放空间格局及其驱动机制。结果表明：1）江西省农业碳排放量总量范围在1098.32～1471.94万t;种植业碳排放强度整体呈下降趋势,范围在2.50～3.87 t/万元,畜牧业碳排放强度整体亦呈下降趋势,范围在0.76～2.03t/万元;各碳源碳排放总量和其占农业碳排放总量的比例大小依次为：水稻种植（806.72万t,61.15%）>畜禽养殖（243.57万t,18.57%）>农资投入（237.39万t,18.02%）>农田土壤利用（29.60万t,2.26%）;2）江西省县域农业碳排放量空间特征明显,高碳排放区均集中于鄱阳湖平原地区以及吉泰盆地;农业碳排放强度空间分布由相对离散到集中在赣北地区;整体上江西省碳排放总量的重心向北移动;3）农业碳排放效率是影响农业碳排放的最重要的因素,各因素对农业碳排放减少量和其占总农业碳排放减少量的比例大小依次为：农业生产效率因素（1828.13万t,56.57%）>地区产业结构因素（1265.29万t,39.15%）>农业产业结构因素（86.12万t,2.66%）>农村总人口因素（52.12万t,1.62%）。整体上,各因素减少农业碳排放总量绝对值排序为：赣北>赣中>赣南。研究结果可为江西省乃至全国其他粮食主产区农业碳排放的测算以及农业碳减排政策的制定提供科学参考。