Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

4UX—550型马铃薯收获机悬挂机组机液耦合仿真

应用Pro/E软件建立了4UX-550型马铃薯收获机与东方红200P型拖拉机悬挂机构参数化模型,进行了拖拉机悬挂机构与马铃薯收获机装配.将装配模型导入ADAMS中,建立了液压提升回路系统模型,进行了机械系统与液压系统的耦合仿真.结果表明,液压力驱动悬挂机组提升工况下,上悬挂点垂直方向出现最大力的时间要比机械力驱动滞后0.080 s,下悬挂点滞后0.088 s;下降工况下,上悬挂点滞后0.056 s,下悬挂点滞后0.060 s.液压力驱动与机械力驱动上、下悬挂点的受力基本相同,液压缸缓冲力的波动范围为5.09 ～ 15.39 N.     

低压条件下PY115型摇臂式喷头水力性能试验

针对喷头在低压条件下工作时水力性能较差的问题,提出采用异形喷嘴降低水滴打击强度并改善喷洒均匀性的方法.选取PY115型摇臂式喷头为研究对象,设计了3套改进喷嘴的方案,在出口喷嘴上增加了1、2、3个凹槽,凹槽的尺寸均为宽0.5 mm,高0.3 mm,位置分别在出口喷嘴下方和左右两侧.在工作压力为200 kPa下进行了试验测量,同时在正方形组合间距为13～18 m时,采用Matlab语言编制程序对其进行了仿真计算.试验和计算结果表明:在低压条件工作时,随着凹槽数量的增多,流量增大,射程缩短8.1％ ～9.4％,末端水滴直径降低系数为2.9％ ～ 6.8％,平均喷灌强度增大并均符合规范要求.增加凹槽有利于提高组合均匀系数,出口喷嘴增加3个凹槽时效果最佳,组合均匀系数最高超过90％,证明了所设计异形喷嘴方案的可行性.     

大型液压挖掘机工作特性联合仿真研究

为了研究目前国内最大吨位（斗容量15 m3、机质量260t）的矿用正铲液压挖掘机工作特性,首先在小型挖掘机上对采用的机械系统动力学与液压系统联合仿真方法进行验证,通过对比试验与联合仿真结果,确认了联合仿真研究方法能够较准确地模拟挖掘机的真实工作环境。在此基础上,采用ADAMS和AMESim软件,对斗容15m3矿用挖掘机工作装置与液压系统进行联合仿真研究,通过仿真获得了挖掘机整个挖掘过程中工作部件对各个转动轴的转动惯量,计算出各个液压缸的位移曲线、速度曲线和压力变化曲线以及铲斗齿尖挖掘轨迹。     

混合动力汽车下坡辅助电-液复合制动控制方法

为提高混合动力汽车下坡辅助控制中电、液复合制动的综合性能,该文提出一种综合考虑整车安全及经济性的电、液复合制动控制方法。通过对混合动力汽车下坡辅助制动转矩变化过程及各辅助制动系统特性的分析,拟定了以安全性为基础、以经济性为目标的下坡辅助制动转矩分配原则,利用前馈加反馈的控制方法制定了电机辅助制动系统及液压辅助制动系统的转矩协调控制策略。并通过仿真及试验平台对以上算法进行了验证,结果表明该方法可以有效地减小液压系统启动延时,保证了液压辅助制动系统的响应速度及下坡辅助系统整体的响应精度。该研究提高了整车控制的安全性和经济性,也为电动车辆复合制动进一步研究提供了思路。     

农用无过载离心泵水力性能与内部流动计算

试验研究证明水力效率偏低(比普通泵约低2％～8％)是无过载离心泵效率较低的主要原因。为了提高水力性能,对无过载离心叶轮内部流动进行了数值模拟。采用IKhalil等人的计算方法,在子午面上用势流计算确定流面位置,回转面的计算则采用了完全粘性的湍流场计算方法。结果表明,无过载离心叶轮内部流动既没有出现分离,也没有明显的尾迹区存在。因此,水力效率偏低系由叶片包角过大、流道狭长、沿程水力摩擦损失过大所致。     

非线性控制在高速透平膨胀机安全生产中的应用

在传统PID调节的基础上，采用低速逐次逼近工作方式，利用计算机调节步进电机的转速，实现高速透平膨胀机安全运行时气体轴承进气量的控制，避免人为操作事故。     

三相异步电动机节电控制装置的研制

针对负载特性为空载、轻载或变载的电动机．研制出一种集成化△→Ｙ自动转换节电器，可使电机运行于节能状态。对节电器的节能原理、工作原理作了系统分析并对节能效果进行了测定．结果表明该装置节能效果显著。     

步进电机变量施肥系统及施肥方案研究

[目的]为了提升我国农业的现代化、电气化、自动化地位,把变量施肥的理念应用到农业生产中,以提高化肥利用率.[方法]以步进电机作为变量施肥系统的执行机构,选用一台两行精密播种施肥机,4种肥料,4组试验.[结果]确定步进电机变量施肥系统最佳方案.[结论]采用获得最佳排肥轮转速和排肥轮长度的方式,可实现按所在地块测土施肥的目的.     

基于单片机的步进电机伺服控制器的设计

本设计采用AT89 C51单片机为控制核心,通过实时扫描键盘输入指令,实现对步进电机的调速、转向、启动、停止等的设定,其控制器的状态由液晶显示器LCD1602实时显示.步进电机以性能良好的L297与L298集成芯片作为主要驱动芯片.软件设计采用C语言进行编写,通过对永磁感应子式42BYGH101进行实际测试,结果表明,该系统工作稳定,定位准确,可靠性高,满足实际工作的需求.