Between legitimacy and efficiency: The development of forestry associations in Germany

In many countries, forestry associations represent an important forest policy tool for overcoming the problems that often arise with small forest ownership. In Germany associations are established for economic reasons as well as for reasons pertaining to governance. For over 100 years there has been discussion concerning the suitability of various organisational models. Of the wide spectrum of possible organisational forms, only a few variants have been used as of late. These are often accredited as being inefficient with regard to the extent to which they fulfil their intended functions. This paper researches the reasons for various assumptions made of neo-institutionalism with regard to the establishment and survival of forestry associations. The analysis is based on public and scientific debate of this topic. It gives an overview of the political discussion that has taken place over the last few decades as well as the current state of related scientific literature. It can be shown that, aside from issues related to the efficiency of associations in the fulfilment of duties, the impact that associations have with regard to legitimising the engagement of other actors and their supply of resources is also relevant.     

基于文化接受者的明清时期中欧文化交融背景下的岭南私家园林简析

明清时期,岭南地区经济发达,文化水平高,与西方交流较为密切,其私家园林的建设也随之兴起.以中欧文化交流中的"接受者"为中心,研究得出人们在接收外来文化时,会受到当地自然条件、经济条件、园林基础等物质条件,以及政治、宗教、人文思想等非物质条件的影响,从而对"传入文化"作出调整,再建造形成独特的中欧结合的岭南私家园林.其布...     

加快民营经济发展步伐的探讨

民营经济的发展,已经成为社会主义初级阶段多种经济并存结构的一个重要方面,改变了农村单一农业经济的格局。本文将简要阐述制约民营经济发展的主要因素,并提出合理化建议。     

森林认证助推世界私有林及我国非公有制林业的发展

世界上绝大部分森林是私有林, 而随着我国集体林权改革的深入和国家政策的支持, 我国非公有制林业发展迅速。森林认证对促进世界私有林和我国非公有制林业的发展和可持续经营发挥了重要作用。在分析世界私有林和我国非公有制林业认证发展现状、模式和作用的基础上, 对如何推动我国非公有制林业认证提出了意见与建议。     

民营胶园植胶状况调查与初步分析——以海南儋州地区植胶农户调查为例

以儋州市那大镇255户胶农为调查对象,分别调查品种选择、种植规模、栽培管理技术应用、新技术了解及应用、技术需求等。结果表明：目前种植的主要品种是热研7—33—97（56．82％）和RRIM600（17．21％）;有88．78％的农户拟在胶园更新时选择热研7—33—97,有66．84％农户在坡地或丘陵地胶园修筑了环山行：...     

云南民营橡胶的发展及对其的认识和建议

回顾云南民营橡胶业从1964年始创至今30余年的发展历程;简述了发展过程中存在的宜林地选择和技术力量薄弱、未能形成民营橡胶业技术支撑体系等重大问题,并提出发展建议。     

隐私保护粒计算模型的研究

为了满足数据挖掘隐私保护的个性化需求,结合粒计算粗糙集理论的基本思想,提出了一种基于敏感属性个性化隐私保护决策度的隐私保护粒化模型,实验分析证明,该模型可以在一定程度上提高隐私保护的精确度、合理性;增强隐私保护的强度。     

Explaining gender differences in private forest risk management

In many countries, lower levels of forest management activities have been observed among female forest owners compared to male owners. The present study examined potential explanations for gender differences in private forest risk management among forest owners in Sweden (n?=?1482) using a questionnaire. Results from this study confirmed a slightly lower level of forest risk management among female owners in proactively combating damage caused by climate change and animal browsing when compared to their male counterparts. Further gender differences were revealed on a structural level. For example, female owners displayed higher levels of education and were more often non-resident owners and urban owners, as compared to their male counterparts. In addition, female and male owners differed regarding social-psychological variables (e.g. forest values and threat and coping appraisals). However the greatest gender difference was found in involvement in forest planning and forestry work. Even though gender differences were evident on multiple levels, involvement in forest issues and forest planning were found to be most important for explaining gender differences in forest risk management. By disentangling predictors of gender differences in private forest risk management, this study may contribute to a more strategic gender approach to forest risk governance.     

基于机载LiDAR数据的林下地形提取算法比较与组合分析

激光雷达(LiDAR)克服了传统测量技术的缺点, 成为了获取DEM的新型手段。针对不同地形林区,选择合理的点云滤波算法,是提取林下地形的关键步骤。本研究在黑龙江省凉水自然保护区内选择了3块具有代表性的区域,分别为平缓山地林区、陡峭山地林区和复杂地区。以1:10 000地形图矢量化生成的高精度DEM为参考,评价了迭代线性最小二乘法、基于坡度法、不规则三角网法(TIN)点云滤波算法在3种地形的适应性。结果表明:不同算法有不同的适应区域。3种方法在平缓山地林区都具有良好的效果,决定系数(R2)均达到了0.98,均方根误差(RMSE)均低于0.21 m。迭代线性最小二乘法在复杂地区滤波效果最好,R2为0.94,RMSE为0.21 m;不规则三角网法在陡峭山地林区效果最好,R2为0.99,RMSE为1.43 m。但是,单一的方法在复杂区域情况下、陡峭山地林区,有明显的分类误差,会将植被分为地面点。为提高林下地形提取精度,本文提出不同滤波方法的组合双重滤波,结果表明,迭代线性最小二乘法和不规则三角网方法组合可以在减少参数调整情况下得到良好滤波效果,对复杂地区、陡峭山地林区滤波效果大大改善。      

Exploring the future use of forests: perceptions from non-industrial private forest owners in Finland

The transformation of the forest sector toward a bioeconomy calls for finding new sources of competitive advantage for the whole sector to retain its future viability. Non-industrial private forest owners are an important group of actors in the Finnish forest-based sector, as they supply 80% of industrial roundwood and control numerous other tangible and intangible forest-based ecosystem services. Our study analyzes forest owner views on the future use of forests in Finland, their perceptions on the evolving sectorial interlinkages and the position of the forest sector now and in the future bioeconomy. The data were collected in two phases: through telephone interviews of forest owners (n?=?278) and four focus group (FG) discussions (n?=?17), and were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The interviews showed that forest owners consider the highest potential for strengthening the sector toward bioeconomy to come from collaboration with energy and construction businesses. During the FG phase, we identified new possibilities founded on forest-based recreational services, cooperation with nature-based tourism and in increasing value-added wood products. In total, forest owners as a high-involvement group emphasized future value creation to be based upon forest ecosystem services and in diversifying the utilization of forests beyond the dominant raw material-driven mindset.