阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶活性变化的研究

[目的]研究阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶的活性及酶谱变化规律,为阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程生理调控机制的分析探讨奠定基础.[方法]以赤霉素浸种前、浸种后、培养10 d、种子露白、胚芽长至1 cm时各阶段的阳春砂种子为材料,测定其种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究建立过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及酯酶(EST)同工酶的电泳酶谱.[结果]阳春砂种子在休眠和萌发过程中,POD、SOD、CAT和EST同工酶的活性及酶谱带的数量均发生了一定的变化,其中POD和SOD同工酶活性均呈先减弱后增强的趋势;CAT同工酶在萌发前期变化不明显,后期酶的活性增强,且酶的种类也增加;EST同工酶的酶活性呈先减弱后增强再减弱的变化趋势,且在种子露白时活性达到最强.[结论]阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶谱的变化特点一定程度上可反应出种子休眠与萌发不同阶段的生理特性,这些同工酶基因的差异表达导致了阳春砂种子打破体眠和最终的萌发.     

蝴蝶兰切花花被不同开放阶段酶活性的变化

以蝴蝶兰鲜切花为试材,对切花花被不同生理阶段3种酶活性的变化进行测量分析,以期为蝴蝶兰切花寿命的延长提供参考依据。结果表明:萼片和花瓣中的过氧化物酶(POD)从花苞期到半开期酶活性变化不明显,从半开期到衰老期酶活性显著升高。花瓣中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)从花苞期到半开期酶活性升高,从半开期到衰老期酶活性显著降低;萼片中的超氧化物歧化酶活性变化不显著但也呈先上升后下降趋势。花瓣中的中性蛋白酶(NP)从花苞期到半开期酶活性呈上升趋势,半开期到盛开期呈下降趋势,盛开期到衰老期呈上升趋势;花萼中的中性蛋白酶从花苞期到盛开期酶活性呈下降趋势,从盛开期到衰老期呈上升趋势;总体来看中性蛋白酶的活性呈先下降后上升趋势。     

垂叶榕瘿花发育特性的初步研究

研究榕属植物瘿花发育特性是理解榕树/榕小蜂协同进化内在机制的重要内容。本文解析了垂叶榕隐头花序伴随瘿花发育的 5 个发育时期，采用同工酶电泳的方法比较了瘿花与正常雌花同工酶（包括过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶和酯酶）谱带的差异，采用扫描电镜对比了瘿花壁与授粉后雌花子房壁的差异。结果表明，瘿花被榕小蜂产卵以后，至少启动了一个与消除过氧化物有关的酶；而且，瘿花子房壁结构疏松，内含物小而少，雌花子房壁结构致密且内含物多而大，说明瘿花发育所消耗的营养物质大于正常雌花发育的消耗。研究结果支持造瘿生物汇集营养与植物防御行为的互利假说。     

Changes in peroxidase activity and lignin content of cultured tea cells in response to excess manganese

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to identify the effects of manganese (Mn) on the activity of peroxidase (PO) and the amount of ascorbic acid (AsA) and lignin, as well as the cell viability of suspension-cultured tea cells (Camellia sinensis L. cv. Yabukita). Cells were grown in B5 medium (containing 0.06 mmol L^?1 Mn) and cultured for 24 h in medium with a Mn concentration of 0.9 mmol L^?1 as an excess treatment. No significant difference was observed between cellular growth and the viability of the cultured tea cells after treatment with excess Mn compared with cells grown under control conditions, although the content of Mn in cells in the excess Mn treatment was 12-fold higher than that of the control cells. The amount of total AsA was also not affected by the Mn treatment. The activity of ionically wall-bound peroxidase (IPO) increased in the presence of excess Mn, unlike the content of lignin. Conversely, the activities of soluble PO and covalently wall-bound PO decreased with excess Mn. These findings suggested that IPO might contribute to Mn tolerance in tea cells. However, its role in the mechanism(s) of Mn tolerance has not been elucidated.     

Oxidative stress drives divergent evolution of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene family in mammals

The molecular basis for adaptations to extreme environments can now be understood by interrogating the ever-increasing number of sequenced genomes. Mammals such as cetaceans, bats, and highland species can protect themselves from oxidative stress, a disruption in the balance of reactive oxygen species, which results in oxidative injury and cell damage. Here, we consider the evolution of the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family of antioxidant enzymes by interrogating publicly available genome data from 70 mammalian species from all major clades. We identified 8 GPX subclasses ubiquitous to all mammalian groups. Mammalian GPX gene families resolved into the GPX4/7/8 and GPX1/2/3/5/6 groups and are characterized by several instances of gene duplication and loss, indicating a dynamic process of gene birth and death in mammals. Seven of the eight GPX subfamilies (all but GPX7) were under positive selection, with the residues under selection located at or close to active sites or at the dimer interface. We also reveal evidence of a correlation between ecological niches (e.g. high oxidative stress) and the divergent selection and gene copy number of GPX subclasses. Notably, a convergent expansion of GPX1 was observed in several independent lineages of mammals under oxidative stress and may be important for avoiding oxidative damage. Collectively, this study suggests that the GPX gene family has shaped the adaption of mammals to stressful environments.     

大白菜一代杂种及双亲幼苗的等电聚焦电泳过氧化物同工酶分析

等电聚焦电泳是近些年发展起来的分离蛋白质的有效生化技术．操作简便，分辨率高，电泳条带多而且细，信息量大，利于进行深入细致的研究。该文利用等电聚焦丙烯酰胺电泳方法分析了6个大白菜一代杂种及双亲幼苗的过氧化物同工酶电泳图谱，共分离出十几条酶带，F1杂种与亲本间同工酶图谱均表现出明现差异，特别是A鉴别区内的酶带差异最明显，大多为互补型，是主要鉴别区。进一步研究结果表明，6个大白菜品种均可利用过氧化物同工酶鉴别由自交引起的假杂种。利用这项技术大量开展了这6个品种的商品种子纯度检测工作，同时在田间进行了验证性测定，二者结果基本相符。     

不同水分,温度条件下CO2浓度对大米品质的影响

试验选用当年新收获的稻谷加工成的水分为１３．９％、１４．７％和１６．０％的大米，在２３℃和３３℃的恒温室中，将７种不同浓度的ＣＯ２经减压调湿后通入粮堆。定期取样，测定大米的脂肪酸、水溶酸、还原糖、非还原糖、粘度和过氧化物酶活性的变化。试验结果表明：１３．９％水分的大米在２３℃下储藏，各种浓度ＣＯ２对大部分品质指标影响不显著，ＣＯ２的保质作用不明显；１４．７％水分的大米在２３℃储藏，ＣＯ２对个别品质     

低能Ar+注入樱桃萝卜点点红种子后的生物学效应

选取樱桃萝卜点点红为材料,对低能Ar+离子注入其干种子后的生物学效应进行了研究。考察了其发芽率、成活率与低能Ar+注入剂量的关系,对低能Ar+注入点点红种子后其过氧化物酶(POD)的活性进行了测定,并对POD酶谱及酯酶(Est)同工酶酶谱进行分析。研究结果表明,不同剂量的低能Ar+注入都会引起种子发芽率、成活率及不同阶段的生长和发育产生变异;在1×1017Ar+/cm2与3×1017Ar+/cm2剂量之间点点红种子的发芽率随注入剂量的增加呈现出“马鞍型”曲线的变化趋势;成活率的变化规律与发芽率的变化规律基本一致;低剂量注入时,其POD活性随剂量的增加而升高;高剂量注入时,其POD活性随剂量的增加而降低。同工酶图谱中,POD在2.5×1017Ar+/cm2和3.0×1017Ar+/cm2增加一条酶带,且1.5×1017Ar+/cm2和3.0×1017Ar+/cm2高剂量注入时有缺失现象;酯酶(Est)在1.5×1017Ar+/cm2和3.0×1017Ar+/cm2剂量注入时酶带数增加,且变深。     

“葫芦克星”对恶性杂草水葫芦的几个生理指标的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了“葫芦克星”对水葫芦几个生理指标的影响,探讨“葫芦克星”控制恶性杂草水葫芦的机制。研究结果表明,喷施“葫芦克星”后,水葫芦叶片的过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量与水葫芦的胁迫反应是相关的。喷药后,水葫芦叶片POD活性一直处于下降趋势且比清水对照POD活性低,而PPO活性和MDA含量则是先上升后下降且比清水对照高。