Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅰ: Current Situation and Its Mechanism

Over the past 20 years,with the continuous promotion of the genetic improvement plan of dairy cow population and the continuous improvement of feeding technology,the intensive level and milk yield of dairy cow population in China are continuously improving.However,the reproduction data over the years showed that the more milk yield,the more obviously decline in reproductive performance,and the more prominent of the reproductive problems.The decline of fertility caused by high yield has become the bottleneck of the development of dairy industry in China and even in the world.In dairy farming,there are many factors that cause the reduction of reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows,including genetic factors,environmental factors and disease factors.Recently,the influence of disease factors on reproductive performance of dairy cows has become more and more prominent.According to the location of the disease,the diseases can be divided into genital diseases and non-genital diseases.This paper discussed the relevant research data on the effects of different diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focusing on the analysis of the molecular mechanism of diseases affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows through the nervous system,reproductive endocrine system and humoral immune system.The prospect and thinking for the future research of diseases and reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows were put forward to provide reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency and economic benefits of high-yield dairy cows in China.     

水稻粒型调控基因功能研究进展

水稻是世界上的重要谷类粮食作物之一，其产量和品质一直都是育种学家关注的重点，关系到全球粮食安全和人类健康。水稻粒型主要包括粒长、粒宽、粒厚等，是受多基因控制的重要数量性状，不仅直接影响水稻产量，还与水稻品质密切相关。深入了解水稻粒型的形成与调控机理将有助于进一步提升水稻单株产量、改善稻米品质。分子生物学的发展和基因组学的研究为探究水稻内部调控机制带来了新的变革。大量水稻粒型的数量性状遗传位点（Quantitative trait locus，QTL）成功被鉴定与解析，并验证了与之有关的基因功能。目前，已有几条调控粒型的通路得到鉴定，如泛素 - 蛋白酶体降解途径、G 蛋白信号途径、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径、转录因子调控途径、植物激素途径以及表观遗传途径等。然而，粒型调控网络极其复杂，多数基因上下游的调控组件作用机制尚不清楚，甚至影响粒型的各条通路间均存在一定的交叉互作。本文综述了影响水稻粒型的不同信号通路相关基因研究进展及关键粒型基因间的互作关系，总结了近年来粒型基因在育种上的应用情况，并提出结合多组学解析水稻粒型的调控机理研究，以期更好地服务于分子设计育种，为开发新的高产优质稻育种提供支撑。     

Migratory routes of short-tailed albatrosses: Use of exclusive economic zones of North Pacific Rim countries and spatial overlap with commercial fisheries in Alaska

We conducted a satellite tracking study of the endangered short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus) to determine post-breeding season distribution, the amount of time spent within exclusive economic zones of Pacific Rim countries, and assess factors affecting spatial and temporal overlap with commercial fisheries in Alaska. We obtained 6709 locations for 14 albatrosses (131-808 locations and 51-138 days of tracking per bird). Albatrosses ranged widely throughout the North Pacific Rim, spending the majority of time within the exclusive economics zones of Japan, Russia (Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula), and the United States (Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea, Alaska). We found evidence for gender and age-related differences in distribution and, therefore, potential interaction with regional fisheries. Overall, albatrosses spent the greatest proportion of time within the Alaska exclusive economic zone. Within Alaska, albatrosses occurred most frequently in fishery management zones that encompassed the Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, and south of the Alaska Peninsula. Short-tailed albatrosses had the greatest potential overlap with fisheries that occurred along continental shelf break and slope regions, e.g., longlining for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), where albatrosses occurred most often. Some birds, however, also made frequent excursions onto the extensive Bering Sea shelf, suggesting significant potential for interactions with the large-scale walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) fisheries. Alaskan longline fishing fleets have been proactive in using seabird deterrent devices, however, our data further emphasize that such efforts beyond the Alaska exclusive economic zone would provide a greater conservation benefit for this species.     

大型矩形水工渡槽动力分析

针对大型矩形渡槽的动力特性和动力响应问题,建立了流固耦合(FSI)系统的位移-压力(ui,p)有限元格式,给出流固耦合系统的动力特性方程;基于FSI系统的(ui,p)格式建立槽体-水体-槽墩-基础-地基系统的力学模型,采用非对称模态提取法求解了4种水深下渡槽的动力特性,并用隐式-显式积分算法计算了4种水深、2种强震作用下大型渡槽的动力响应。计算结果表明,基于FSI的(ui,p)格式,考虑到槽体与水体的相互作用,简化了计算模型,提高了计算精度,同时也得出不同水深、不同激励下渡槽结构动力特性和动力响应的变化规律等结论,可为大型渡槽及同类工程动力设计提供参考。     

家蚕品种最适环境片区的划分

对家蚕品种最适环境片区划分进行了研究，初步得到如下结果：参试的8个地区可以划分为两个环境片区。第一个环境片区包括四川、重庆和浙江；第二个环境片区包括陕西、山东、安徽、湖北和镇江；第一个环境片区的最适基因型是品种B；第二个环境片区的最适基因型是品种C。如果在各环境片区推广相应最适基因型比在所有地区只推广品种C，则全区平均万蚕收茧量可提高2．1％。     

宿主膜联蛋白A2与伪狂犬病病毒US3蛋白互作及其对细胞凋亡的影响

US3蛋白激酶是伪狂犬病病毒（PRV）的一个重要毒力因子,研究显示US3参与了细胞骨架重排、病毒复制和传播、细胞凋亡和干扰素信号通路等多个生物学过程,鉴定新的和US3互作的宿主蛋白对于认识其生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究首先利用免疫共沉淀和pull-down技术验证了US3和宿主膜联蛋白A2（ANXA2）的相互作用;然后利用RNAi技术,通过荧光定量PCR、病毒滴度测定和免疫印迹分析,发现敲低ANXA2的表达显著抑制了PRV在PK-15细胞上的增殖;进一步发现过表达ANXA2可以抑制PRV或者凋亡刺激剂诱导的细胞凋亡,提示ANXA2具有负调控细胞凋亡的作用。本研究进一步完善了可以和US3蛋白互作的宿主蛋白成员,加深了人们对ANXA2生物学功能的理解。     

基于酵母双杂交技术的绒山羊波形蛋白互作蛋白鉴定

为进一步探索波形蛋白(vimentin)调控绒山羊绒毛生长的作用机制,以内蒙古遗传种子资源阿尔巴斯白绒山羊皮肤中的毛囊组织为材料,利用PCR技术和酵母双杂交技术对根据GenBank中山羊的vimentin蛋白序列,运用蛋白质互作在线软件预测和液相色谱质谱联用采集免疫共沉淀数据筛选出肌动蛋白(ACTB)和vimentin进行基因引物设计、克隆、酵母表达载体构建和蛋白互作鉴定。结果显示:成功克隆出绒山羊vimentin基因CDS区序列的长度为1 401 bp, ACTB基因CDS区序列的长度为1 128 bp;构建了酵母表达载体;试验组共转化pGBKT7-vimentin与pGADT7-ACTB的Y2HGold菌株在二缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基和四缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基上,均能生长出淡蓝色菌落,而在对照组共转化pGBKT7空质粒与pGADT7-ACTB重组质粒的二缺板SD/-Trp/-Leu/X-α-GaL/AbA培养基上长出白色菌落,表明共转化的pGBKT7-vimentin与pGADT-ACTB重组质粒的下游报告基因Lac被激活,共转化pGBKT7空质粒与pGADT7-ACTB重组质粒的下游报告基因Lac未被激活。提示:vimentin与ACTB两种蛋白间存在相互作用。     

日粮组成对牛奶中乳成分合成与调控机制影响的研究

牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量的高低直接关系到牛奶的品质和风味。牛奶中乳蛋白主要可以分为酪蛋白和乳清蛋白两种类型,其合成代谢过程均受到mTOR信号分子通路、JAK-STAT信号分子通路、GCN2-eIF2a信号分子通路的影响。牛奶中乳脂肪主要为三酰基甘油酯、磷脂等,对于牛奶的营养和风味均有重要影响,其受到脂肪酸相关酶ACACA、FAS、SCD1的调控。饲料营养是影响牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的关键因素之一,包括精粗饲料配比及饲料添加剂的应用等方面。本文对牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的合成调控机理,及日粮组成对其的影响机制进行阐述,为改善乳品质提供参考。     

计算机软件模拟α-乳白蛋白与皂苷的分子对接

皂苷小分子具有很强的生理活性,在人体中必须与靶细胞生物大分子相互作用才能发挥其生物作用。α-乳 白蛋白（α-lactalbumin,α-LA）是球状蛋白质,能结合疏水配体,在食品工业作为功能性配料。采用计算机模拟的 方法,对2 类皂苷（达玛烷型皂苷和齐墩果型皂苷）和α-LA相互作用进行研究,并获得其相互作用模式的相关图 像。分子对接结果表明,2 种类型的皂苷与α-LA活性口袋内的氨基酸残基均以疏水相互作用及氢键作用结合,但达 玛烷型皂苷结构更复杂,可以提供更多结合位点,且其形成氢键的作用力更强。     

马尾松种源基因型×环境互作及其稳定性的研究

福建省4个地域91个种源10年生时试验结果表明:(1)各点马尾松种源生长上差异十分显著,树高、胸径和材积三个性状的遗传方差份量约占总变异的38.92%—42.75%;(2)种源×地点的效应,树高不明显,材积和胸径达显著水准,而种源基因型效应比较明显,其方差份量约为GE互作份量的1倍;(3)根据Francls和Kanuenbery模型计算种源GE互作效应及其稳定性,将参试种源划分为4种类型,其中高产稳定型种源26个,平均材积遗传增益达42.84%,可在全省各地区推广;(4)广西岑溪和广东罗定两个种源生长最为突出,平均村积遗传增益达88%。