基于高光谱遥感和集成学习方法的冬小麦产量估测研究

【目的】利用2种灌溉处理下不同发育阶段的冬小麦冠层高光谱信息,通过机器学习方法对小麦籽粒产量进行估测精度研究,明确产量最佳估测模型,对于育种工作有着重要应用价值。【方法】以黄淮麦区207个主栽小麦品种为材料,于2018—2019和2019—2020年度连续2个生长季在河南省新乡基地的正常灌溉和节水处理下种植,并调查开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中期的冠层高光谱数据,分别以6种机器学习方法和集成方法建立光谱指数产量估测模型。【结果】2种灌溉处理下,3个生育期各光谱指数均与产量呈极显著相关（P<0.0001）,且表现出较高的遗传力（0.61-0.85）,主要受遗传因素控制。在正常灌溉处理下,与传统机器学习方法表现最佳的模型相比,集成学习方法在3个生育期的平均决定系数(R²) 分别由0.610、0.611和0.640提高至0.649、0.612和0.675,平均均方根误差 (RMSE) 分别降低至0.607、0.612和0.593 t·hm^-2;节水处理下,3个生育期的平均R²分别由0.461、0.408和0.452提高至0.467、0.433和0.498,平均RMSE分别降低至0.519、0.559和0.504 t·hm^-2。【结论】利用集成方法将不同模型估测结果进行结合,能够有效地提高产量估测精度,2种灌溉处理下均在灌浆中期估测精度最佳,可为冬小麦育种工作中产量估测提供参考。     

外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的影响——基于全国粮食种植业职业农民的分析

外出务工返乡农民被认为是解决中国“谁来种地”、提高中国农业组织化程度的重要希望,政府也在大力宣传、引导外出务工返乡农民投身农业并引领合作社等新型经营主体发展。本文基于新迁移经济学等理论,利用具有全国代表性的粮食种植业职业农民的大样本数据,运用二元模型、双重稳健模型、匹配模型和多元定序模型等计量方法,分析了外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的影响。结果表明,在粮食种植业职业农民中,外出务工返乡农民占比为23.66%,合作社负责人占比为24.59%。外出务工返乡农民中合作社负责人的占比为34.65%,没有外出务工的农民中合作社负责人的占比为21.47%,两者相差约13个百分点。计量分析结果表明,相比没有外出务工的农民,外出务工返乡农民成为合作社负责人的概率要显著高出约6个百分点,即调查样本中外出务工返乡农民要比其他农民成为合作社负责人的概率高出近1/4,这证实了外出务工对农民成为合作社负责人的正向促进作用。外出务工通过人力资本提升、农业生产投入和政府政策支持三个方面促使返乡农民工更可能成为合作社负责人。因此,在当前农业转型阶段,政府一方面应鼓励人力资本水平较低的青年农民外出就业,通过务工积累个人资本;另一方面,应大力吸引并帮助优秀的返乡农民工投身农业和乡村振兴事业,发挥他们更多的引领带动作用。     

Dynamics of maize grain drying in the high latitude region of Northeast China

A high grain moisture content at harvest has been an important problem in the high latitude region of Northeast China, and it is closely related to the genotypes of varieties, local meteorological factors and planting management. However, delayed harvest at a low temperature could not effectively reduce the grain moisture content. In this study, we continuously observed the grain drying during the late stage of different maturing types of maize varieties in Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China in 2016 and 2017. A two-segment linear model was used to analyze the different stages of the drying processes: 1) Two-segment linear model fitting can divide the grain drying process of all varieties into two separate linear drying processes with different slopes. 2) During the rapid drying stage, the drying was faster at a higher temperature. The rate of slow drying was influenced by air vapor pressure. 3) The moisture content and meteorological factors when the drying rate turns from one stage into the other were not consistent between varieties and years. After entering the frost period, temperatures below 0°C will significantly reduce the rate of grain drying. 4) Due to the short growth period of early-maturing varieties, the drying time was prolonged, and the grain moisture content was lower than that of the mid-late maturing varieties. Local meteorological conditions do not allow the drying of mid-late maturing varieties to achieve a lower moisture content. When the temperature falls below 0°C, the drying rate of grain decreases markedly. Therefore, one feasible way to solve the problem of high moisture content is to replace the early-maturing varieties and implement the corresponding cultivation techniques.     

Source–sink relations and responses to sink–source manipulations during grain filling in wheat

The source–sink ratio during grain filling is a critical factor that affects crop yield in wheat, and the main objective of this study was to determine the source–sink relations at both the canopy scale and the individual culm level under two nitrogen (N) levels at the post-jointing stage.  Nine widely-used cultivars were chosen for analyzing source–sink relations in southwestern China; and three typical cultivars of different plant types were subjected to artificial manipulation of the grain-filling source–sink ratio to supplement crop growth measurements.  A field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons under two N rates (N+, 150 kg ha^–1; N–, 60 kg ha^–1), and three manipulations were imposed after anthesis: control (Ct), removal of flag and penultimate leaves (Lr) and removal of spikelets on one side of each spike (Sr).  The results showed that the single grain weights in the three cultivars were significantly decreased by Lr and increased by Sr, which demonstrated that wheat grain yield potential seems more source-limited than sink-limited during grain filling, but the source–sink balance was obviously changed by climatic variations and N deficient environments.  Grain yield was highly associated with sink capacity (SICA), grain number, biomass, SPAD values, and leaf area index during grain filling, indicating a higher degree of source limitation with an increase in sink capacity.  Therefore, source limitation should be taken into account by breeders when SICA is increased, especially under non-limiting conditions.  Chuanmai 104, a half-compact type with a mid-sized spike and a long narrow upper leaf, showed relatively better performance in source–sink relations.  Since this cultivar showed the characteristics of a lower reduction in grain weight after Lr, a larger increase after Sr, and a lower reduction in post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, then the greater current photosynthesis during grain filling contributed to the grain after source and sink manipulation.      

Bentonite-humic acid improves soil organic carbon,microbial biomass,enzyme activities and grain quality in a sandy soil cropped to maize (Zea mays L.) in a semi-arid region

A bentonite-humic acid (B-HA) mixture added to degraded soils may improve soil physical and hydraulic properties, due to effects such as improved soil structure and increased water and nutrient retention, but its effect on soil physicochemical and biological properties, and grain quality is largely unknown.  The effect of B-HA, added at 30 Mg ha⁻¹, was studied at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years after its addition to a degraded sandy soil in a semi-arid region of China.  The addition of B-HA significantly increased water-filled pore space and soil organic carbon, especially at 3 to 5 years after its soil addition to the soil.  Amending the sandy soil with B-HA also increased the content of microbial biomass (MB)-carbon, -nitrogen and -phosphorus, and the activities of urease, invertase, catalase and alkaline phosphatase.  The significant effect of maize (Zea mays L.) growth stage on soil MB and enzyme activities accounted for 58 and 84% of their total variation, respectively.  In comparison, B-HA accounted for 8% of the total variability for each of the same two variables.  B-HA significantly enhanced soil properties and the uptake of N and P by maize in semi-arid areas.  The use of B-HA product would be an effective management strategy to reclaim degraded sandy soils and foster sustainable agriculture production in northeast China and regions of the world with similar soils and climate.     

施锌对盐碱地玉米生理特性及籽粒锌含量的影响

为研究不同施锌水平对盐碱地玉米生理特性及籽粒锌含量的影响,以科河699为供试材料,采用随机区组设计进行田间试验,根据不同施锌肥方式设置6个处理：T0（0 kg·hm^-2）、T1（7.5 kg·hm^-2）、T2（15 kg·hm^-2）、T3（22.5 kg·hm^-2）、T4（30 kg·hm^-2）、T5（37.5 kg·hm^-2）,测定不同处理下玉米生理特性、籽粒锌含量及产量。结果表明,施锌降低了盐碱地玉米叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量,灌浆期T3处理的叶片相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量分别较T0处理降低了22.3%、24.7%、15.9%;施锌提高了玉米叶片保护性酶活性,大喇叭口期T3处理的超化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性分别较T0处理提高了68.7%、152.1%和72.6%;同时,玉米籽粒锌含量和产量随施锌量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,均在T3处理下达到最大值;T3处理能提高玉米叶片及茎秆中锌素的转移率及贡献率,减少玉米秃尖,增加穗长、穗粒数和百粒重,从而提高玉米籽粒锌含量和产量。以上结果表明,适量施锌肥可以提高玉米叶片生理活性,增强玉米对盐碱环境的抵抗能力,且当施锌量为22.5 kg·hm^-2时玉米产量及籽粒锌含量均最高。     

基于深度学习的高分辨率麦穗图像检测方法

小麦是重要的粮食作物之一,针对人工田间麦穗计数及产量预测效率低的问题,基于深度学习提出了一种高分辨率的小密集麦穗实时检测方法。对麦穗图像数据集进行图像分割、标注、增强预处理,基于Tensorflow搭建YOLOv4网络模型,调整改进后对其进行迁移学习;与YOLOv3、YOLOv4-tiny、Faster R-CNN训练模型进行对比,对改进模型的实用性与局限性进行分析;重点分析影响麦穗检测模型性能的关键因素。通过图像分割的方式,证明了通过改变图像分辨率确定麦穗所占图像最优像素比,可以提高前景与背景差异,对小密集麦穗有显著效果。通过对改进模型的测试,表明该模型检测精度高,鲁棒性强。不同分辨率、不同品种、不同时期的麦穗图像均类平均精度（mAP）为93.7%,单张图片的检测速度为52帧·s^-1,满足了麦穗的高精度实时检测。该研究结果为田间麦穗计数以及产量预测提供技术支持。     

外源C4-PEPC对水稻粒形和稻米品质及成分的影响

【目的】磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,PEPC）参与植物碳代谢,并且在碳氮耦合代谢调节过程中扮演着重要角色。分析导入外源C₄-PEPC对水稻稻谷粒形和稻米品质及成分变化的影响,进一步阐明C₄-PEPC在C₃植物水稻中的作用。【方法】以航2号（对照）和转C₄-PEPC水稻为材料,采用万深SC-G型自动考种及千粒重分析仪分析稻谷的粒形,采用电镜扫描观察稻米内部淀粉粒结构,参照标准米质测定方法测定稻米品质(直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、碱消值);同时,测定稻米中支链淀粉、蔗糖、可溶性总糖及碳氮的含量,并采用高效液相色谱法测定稻米中的氨基酸含量。【结果】粒形分析表明,与对照航2号相比,转C₄-PEPC水稻的谷粒明显较短较窄,其长、宽、周长及千粒质量也明显较小。电镜扫描显示,航2号淀粉粒排列紧密,而转C₄-PEPC稻米淀粉粒排列明显比较松散。转C₄-PEPC株系稻米中直链淀粉含量明显较低,而支链淀粉含量明显较高,胶稠度和碱消值与对照无明显差别,垩白率和垩白度降低,蔗糖和可溶性糖含量极显著降低。转C₄-PEPC稻米的总氮含量明显较低,其中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸、胱氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸等14种氨基酸含量明显较低,而其余3种氨基酸,即脯氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸含量与对照无明显差别。【结论】导入外源C₄-PEPC后,水稻谷粒变小,淀粉粒排列松散,稻米中直链淀粉、蔗糖、可溶性糖、总氮及大部分氨基酸含量降低,而支链淀粉含量升高。     

粮油作物真菌毒素污染现状及控制

真菌毒素是由某些丝状真菌产生的致癌、致畸、致突变的毒性副产物,对玉米、水稻、小麦、花生、大豆和油菜等多种粮油作物具有极大的危害性,严重威胁环境安全、食品安全和人类健康。随着世界人口的急剧增加和主要农作物种植面积的扩大,粮油农产品中的真菌毒素污染有逐年加重的趋势。本文对粮油作物中主要真菌毒素种类及污染现状进行了综述,分析了导致真菌毒素污染加重的环境影响因子,提出了粮油作物不同生长时期真菌毒素污染防控措施,特别是生物防控技术,展望了真菌毒素污染生物防控的作用模式及类型。     

扩大管行比对滴灌春小麦干物质积累、转运和籽粒产量的影响

【目的】研究扩大管行比对滴灌春小麦干物质积累和籽粒产量的影响。【方法】在大田条件下,以新春22号和新春44号为供试材料,设置1管4行(TR₄)、1管6行(TR₆)和1管8行(TR₈),3种不同的管行比滴灌带配置方式,测定不同管行比种植方式下,滴灌春小麦植株及各器官干物质积累量、产量和产量构成因子等指标。【结果】不同处理下2个小麦品种的单株和各器官干物质积累量随带宽增加均呈下降趋势,且均以TR₄处理为最大。在TR₄处理下,2个小麦品种的总干物质积累量于成熟期达到最大值,且新春44号干物质积累量高于新春22号。新春44号干物质最大积累量、干物质积累速率均高于新春22号。2个品种的籽粒产量均随着带宽的增加呈下降趋势,在TR₄处理下,新春22号和新春44号的籽粒产量分别为7 716.45和8 096.48 kg/hm²。【结论】在TR₆处理下,小麦籽粒产量降幅较小,新春44号产量降幅度小于新春22号,且新春44号籽粒产量高于新春22号。新春44号更适于在大管行比滴灌种植方式下种植。