Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

基于厘米级无人机影像的水土保持措施精准识别

基于厘米级高分辨率无人机影像,应用面向对象方法(Object-Based Image Analysis, OBIA)对吉林省伊通县椽子沟流域的横坡改垄、地埂植物带、生态恢复乔木林、生态恢复草地等水土保持措施进行自动精准识别。应用超绿指数(Excess Green Index,ExG)、超红指数(Excess Red Index,ExR)、归一化差异指数(Normalized Difference Index,NDI)等光谱指数,形状的主方向、形状指数等形状特征,均值(Mean)、方差(Variance)、对比度(Contrast)等纹理特征进行措施的特征提取。结果表明:研究区水土保持措施识别的总体精度可达91.24%,Kappa系数为0.87;对垄台、垄沟等线性水土保持措施总体精度可达72.33%,Kappa系数为0.63。基于厘米级无人机影像,应用面向对象方法基本可实现对黑土区水土保持措施的精准识别,也可对垄台垄沟等线性措施进行自动识别,研究结果可为水土保持措施实施范围及完好程度的动态监测提供参考依据。     

施氮及添加硝化抑制剂对苜蓿草地N2O排放的影响

为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)栽培草地氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放对施氮水平及添加硝化抑制剂的响应特征,采用传统静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平[0kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、 50kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N50)、 100kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N100)和150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150)]以及添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150+DCD)对陇东苜蓿草地N_2O排放特征的影响。结果显示,监测期内N0、N50、N100和N150处理N_2O平均排放速率分别为3.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、4.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.0μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和6.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),随着施氮梯度的增加, N_2O排放速率呈增加趋势。添加硝化抑制剂DCD对N_2O排放产生明显的抑制作用。与N150处理相比, N150+DCD处理下苜蓿草地N_2O平均排放速率下降50.7%, N_2O累计排放量显著降低61.6%(P0.05)。施氮对苜蓿产量没有显著影响,而N0、N50、N100和N150处理下单位苜蓿产量N_2O排放量随氮肥梯度的增加而增加,各处理分别为6.5 mg·kg~(-1)、7.8 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12.5 mg·kg~(-1)。N_2O排放受土壤含水量影响深刻,生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤温度无显著相关性(P0.05)。综上,旱作紫花苜蓿栽培草地N_2O排放通量随施氮水平的增加明显增加,在相同施氮水平下添加硝化抑制剂DCD能显著抑制N_2O排放。相关研究结果对于该区域苜蓿草地合理施肥以及N_2O减排具有一定的实践指导意义。     

周晓平(宁化县县属国有林场,福建,宁化365400)

近些年来宁化县非常注重高质量、高品位绿色发展要求,保护好绿水青山才能成就金山银山的经营理念不断向纵深推进,人们对乡土树种越来越倍加珍惜,因此急需加快乡土树种栽培与保护。本文从乡土树种林业内涵展开分析,阐述了乡土树种在宁化县生态恢复过程中的作用,主要从乡土树种具有生长快_^[1]、适应性强、病虫害少、用途多、改良土壤性强、森林植物群落多样性丰富、林分生产力强、再生繁衍能力强等方面深入探索,从而证明了乡土树种在树种优选方面的重要作用。     

秸秆还田深度对土壤温室气体排放及玉米产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田是培肥地力、增加土壤有机质和改善土壤结构的重要技术手段,但以往的研究表明秸秆还田会加速土壤温室气体的排放。本研究通过对秸秆不同还田深度下农田土壤温室气体排放特征和产量的研究,明确降低温室气体排放量的最佳还田深度,以期为合理利用秸秆、提高作物产量,实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】采用大田微区试验,以玉米为供试作物,设置4个还田深度,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定整个玉米生长季不同还田深度下温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O）的排放特征,产量及产量构成因素。试验共设5个处理,还田深度分别为0—10 cm（T1）、10—20 cm（T2）、20—30 cm（T3）和30—40 cm（T4）,同时以不还田处理作为对照（CK）。【结果】（1）在整个玉米生长季CO₂和N₂O均表现为排放,CH₄表现为吸收。CO₂累积排放量为T3处理最高,较CK显著增加了28.6%,T4处理增加最少,较CK显著增加了17.1%（P<0.05）,但T1与T4处理之间差异不显著;而N₂O的累积排放量T2处理为最高,与CK相比,累积排放量显著增加111.3%,T4处理增加最少,与CK相比显著增加了12.8%（P<0.05）;CH₄则表现为吸收,且秸秆还田后降低了农田土壤对CH₄的吸收能力,吸收量表现为CK处理>T4处理>T3处理>T1处理>T2处理,且各还田处理与CK之间差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）秸秆不同还田深度下,与对照相比,各处理玉米产量均显著增加,增产在5.6%—20.8%（P<0.05）,但各处理之间的穗长、穗粗和行粒数差异不显著。当秸秆还至30—40 cm时,产量最高,较CK增加了20.8%,表明秸秆还田对提升土壤肥力及作物增产有重要作用。（3）从温室气体综合增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）来看,在100年尺度上,GWP表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>T4处理>CK处理,而GHGI表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>CK处理>T4处理,表明与CK相比,各处理均增加了玉米季温室气体的综合增温潜势,而T4处理则降低了玉米季温室气体排放强度,说明秸秆深还至30—40 cm可在一定程度上缓解全球增温潜势。【结论】秸秆还田会显著增加CO₂和N₂O排放,降低对CH₄的吸收能力;秸秆深还至30—40 cm可相对降低综合增温潜势,降低温室气体排放强度,同时显著增加玉米产量。因此,为实现较高的玉米产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,秸秆深还至30—40 cm是较为合理的土壤改良培肥方式。     

饲料投喂及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响

为探究缩减饲料投喂量及清淤对养殖库湾水环境的影响,在鲢、鳙放养密度均为20 g/m~3的基础上,设置4个处理组库湾,分别为B1(不清淤、饵料投喂减半)、B2(清淤、不投饵)、B3(清淤、饵料投喂减半)和B4(不清淤、饵料投喂正常),实验周期为9个月。结果显示:4个库湾的总氮浓度、总磷浓度、高锰酸盐指数、藻类生物量从低到高分别为B2、B4、B1、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B4、B3,B2、B1、B3、B4(P0.05),浮游动物生物量之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见,B2无论是在营养盐的控制还是在藻类的控制方面均取得了最佳的效果。作为养殖库湾,其主要功能是得到更高的鱼产量。在达到养殖水质要求的情况下,为了得到更高的鱼产量,应合理地利用饵料。因此,对于养殖用水的处理,要根据具体的水质条件,采用合理的修复方式,实现水质改善和养殖生产的双赢。     

农业劳动力转移的减贫效应分析——基于重庆涪陵的实践检验

【目的/意义】农业劳动力转移的减贫效应尚未得出一致结论,基于对重庆涪陵的实践分析,探讨通过做好政策保障以提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应。【方法/过程】以涪陵区2004-2018年的农业劳动力转移的减贫相关数据为基础,通过运用多元回归法分析涪陵区农业劳动力转移的减贫效应。【结果/结论】结果显示:提升农业劳动生产率有利于增加农民的农业收入和非农收入;缩小城乡收入差距有利于农民减贫;提高人力资本密集度有利于增强农民的挣得能力。要提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应,这就要求:促进农业转移人口的市民化,提升农业劳动力转移的减贫效应;提高乡村自治与贫困户自我发展能力,促进农业劳动力转移的减贫动力;完善社会扶贫协作联动机制,为农业劳动力转移提供制度保障。     

Study on a soil erosion sampling survey in the Pan-Third Pole region based on higher-resolution images

Soil erosion is one of the most severe global environmental problems, and soil erosion surveys are the scientific basis for planning soil conservation and ecological development. To improve soil erosion sampling survey methods and accurately and rapidly estimate the actual rates of soil erosion, a Pan-Third Pole region was taken as an example to study a methodology of soil erosion sampling survey based on high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images. The sampling units were designed using a stratified variable probability systematic sampling method. The spatiotemporal characteristics of soil erosion and conservation were taken into account, and finer-resolution freely available and accessible images in Google Earth were used. Through the visual interpretation of the free high-resolution remote sensing images, detailed information on land use and soil conservation measures was obtained. Then, combined with the regional soil erosion factor data products, such as rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), and slope length and steepness factor (LS), the soil loss rates of some sampling units were calculated. The results show that, based on these high-resolution remote sensing images, the land use and soil conservation measures of the sampling units can be quickly and accurately extracted. The interpretation accuracy in 4 typical cross sections was more than 80%, and sampling accuracy, described by histogram similarity in 11 large sampling sites, show that the landuse of sampling uints can represent the structural characteristics of regional land use. Based on the interpretation of data from the sample survey and the regional soil erosion factor data products, the calculation of the soil erosion rate can be completed quickly. The calculation results can reflect the actual conditions of soil erosion better than the potential soil erosion rates calculated by using the coarse-resolution remote sensing method.     

自由贸易区贸易效应的测度方法研究

关注自由贸易区(FTA)贸易效应的事后评估,尝试构建贸易效应测算和分解的完整分析框架,基于基础引力模型,从变量引入、贸易效应分解和模型应用3个角度探讨引力模型用于自贸区贸易效应测算时存在的问题和解决方案。研究结果表明:包含国家组、进口国和出口国年度的三维固定效应模型可以控制FTA的内生性;将FTA在时间维度上进行扩展,可以逐年动态反映自贸区的贸易效应;基于简化假定,模型通过压缩维度可以用于分析不同情形下的贸易效应,有效性得到了验证。