垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响

为了明确不同栽培方式对小麦生长发育的影响,采用比较研究的方法,研究了传统平作和垄作对小麦植株形态和经济性状的影响。结果表明,与传统平作麦田相比,垄作小麦旗叶和倒二叶变小,而倒四和倒五叶变大,有利于构建“松塔型”的理想株型;灌浆中期垄作小麦各叶位叶片干重高于传统平作小麦的相应叶位叶片,而收获前又低于传统平作小麦的相应叶位叶片;垄作小麦开花期茎秆的干重高于传统平作小麦,而收获前又低于传统平作小麦,表明垄作小麦的茎秆和叶片对籽粒的贡献大于传统平作小麦;垄作栽培使小麦各节间,尤其是基部节间缩短,株高降低,有利于提高小麦的抗倒伏能力;垄作栽培提高了小麦的经济系数和经济产量以及籽粒容重。与传统平作相比,小麦垄作栽培更有利于构建理想株型,更好地发挥群体功能,提高产量。     

基于SD的退耕还林典型立地优化模式研究

为研究典型立地条件下生态、经济、社会效益协调配合,综合效益最佳的退耕还林模式,推动退耕还林的可持续发展,该文以退耕还林重点工程区内蒙古自治区凉城县典型立地为研究对象,运用系统动力学等理论和方法,采取试验站点观测与入户调研集成等5个结合的技术路线,共获取原始数据10 000多个,对退耕还林的优化模式进行了系统研究. 结果表明,凉城县试验点退耕还林优化模式为山杏×沙棘×紫花苜蓿,并研究提出了其系统仿真模型、模式配套技术及模式机理.      

持久抗稻瘟病杂交水稻新三系及组合选育与应用研究进展*

 湖北省恩施自治州是全国的稻瘟病常发重发病区之一,新品种在生产上使用年限短。针对这一特点,自20世纪80年代以来,恩施州育种工作者确立了在以“优质高产多抗广适”为总体育种目标的基础上,重点开展持久抗稻瘟病育种,通过建立高效稳定的稻瘟病抗性鉴定圃和抗病育种基地,广泛征集和积极创制优异种质资源,对这些资源进行长期鉴定筛选,并利用筛选出的具有持久抗瘟能力的种质资源作供体亲本,采用相宜的杂交配组方式,创制人工制恢(保)组合,对其后代株系进行定向选择,培育具有持久抗瘟能力的不育(保持)系和恢复系,再通过合理配组利用,育成具有持久抗瘟能力的杂交水稻新组合。经20余年的努力,成功育成了一批基本符合上述目标的杂交水稻新三系和组合,并陆续投放于大面积生产,产生了较大经济、社会和生态效益。     

湿拌料在断奶仔猪饲养中的应用

研究了湿拌料饲喂断奶仔猪对仔猪生长性能和经济效益的影响,结果表明:试验组猪的保育期平均日增重比对照组提高了18.80%,料重比比对照组提高3.07%,断奶仔猪的生长性能明显提高,并且提高了经济效益。     

不同小麦品种种子萌发期耐盐性的研究

以矮早781、百农3236、矮抗58和温麦8号4个小麦品种为材料,在盐度为0.15%的砂土中进行种子发芽耐盐性试验,测其发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗苗长和淀粉酶含量,比较这些指标间的差异显著性,评价不同品种耐盐性的差别。结果表明:在小麦种子萌发期,百农3236耐盐性最好,矮早781次之,温麦8号和矮抗58号耐盐性相对较差。     

饲料不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响

为研究饲料中不同钙磷比对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹生长性能、血清生化、矿物质沉积和能量代谢的影响,配制5种等氮等脂(46%粗蛋白和7%粗脂肪)钙磷比分别为1.00∶2.00、1.00∶1.50、1.00∶1.00、1.00∶0.75和1.00∶0.50的实验饲料。选择初始体质量为(12.82±0.37) g的梭子蟹150只,随机分成5组(每组3个重复,每个重复10只),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,钙磷比为1.00∶1.00和1.00∶0.75的饲料,其特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FER)显著高于其他组。钙磷比为1.00∶0.50饲料组幼蟹血淋巴的谷草转氨酶(GOT)显著高于其他组,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性随着饲料钙磷比的增加呈上升的趋势。幼蟹肝胰腺、肌肉和甲壳中的磷含量随着钙磷比的升高呈下降的趋势,且钙磷比1.00∶2.00组幼蟹磷含量显著高于1.00∶0.50组。钙磷比1.00∶1.50和1.00∶1.00组幼蟹肝胰腺ATP含量显著高于其他饲料组。幼蟹肝胰腺己糖激酶(HK)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性随饲料钙磷比的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势,当钙磷比为1时,梭子蟹肝胰腺的HK和SDH酶活性最高。此外,钙磷比1.00∶1.00组显著上调了梭子蟹肝胰腺电子传递链相关基因(nd1、sdhc、cytb和coxⅡ)的表达水平,当钙磷比为1.00∶0.75时,显著上调了幼蟹肝胰腺线粒体能量代谢相关基因(ATPase6、sirt3和nrf1)的表达量。研究表明,本实验条件下,以增重率为评价指标,通过回归模型得到梭子蟹最适钙磷比为1.06～1.26,在此范围内能促进三疣梭子蟹幼蟹的生长、维持组织的最适磷沉积以及很好地促进能量的产生。     

抗条纹叶枯病优良食味粳稻新品种选育研究

介绍了近十年来我们在抗条纹叶枯病优良食味粳稻新品种选育方面的研究成果。利用具有Stv-bi基因的粳稻抗源进行杂交育种,在充分发病的自然条件下对条纹叶枯病抗性进行一定选择压的定向选择,很容易获得抗性好的株系。垩白粒率、垩白度和透明度等外观品质在上下世代间的表现有明显的相关关系,在低世代进行选择的效果较好。利用暗胚乳突变基因Wx-mq的功能标记和与Stv-bi紧密连锁的分子标记进行辅助选择,可大大提高选择效率,加快两个基因的聚合速度。     

半农半牧区农户生产现状及对气候变化的感知与应对——基于内蒙古林西县的调查研究

半农半牧区是全球气候变化反应敏感的生态脆弱带。该地区农业基础设施落后,人口与资源矛盾突出,生产力水平低下,经济欠发达,受气候变化影响,农民的生产生活水平的维持与提高面临着十分严峻的挑战。本调查研究以内蒙古赤峰市林西县为例,利用1954~2009年气象数据资料分析了该地区56年来年际和主要季节温度、降水变化趋势;同时,选用60个农户家庭调查样本,研究了农户家庭基本状况与经营现状、农牧户家庭对气候变化及其影响的感知与应对策略。最后,在全面总结研究结果的基础上提出增强农户家庭气候变化适应能力的对策建议。     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

Improvement of direct tree seeding with cover crops in afforestation: Microclimate and resource availability induced by vegetation composition

The low cost of direct tree seeding makes it increasingly useful for afforestation. However, the success of the technique is often unpredictable due to a series of different adverse biotic and abiotic factors. A plant cover with low competitive ability towards resources could offer a natural alternative to the herbicides currently used to control weeds. The effects of cover plants on availability of resources and microclimate were studied in a field experiment in the central France during three years. An experiment design crossing three mixtures of tree seeds with four vegetation compositions (a bare soil, flora of the meadow, and two mixtures of cover plants) was established and repeated randomly in three blocks in a meadow. Vegetation composition, tree seedling emergence, light availability, soil water content, and temperatures under each treatment were measured. The vegetation composition of the meadow stayed stable, with grass species dominating. The cover plants sown disappeared rapidly after one or two years. Outcome of direct seeding of trees depended on the vegetation treatment. Bare soil gave the highest emergence rate while meadow vegetation gave the lowest, with the mixture of cover plants being intermediate. Light availability and soil water content were very low under the meadow vegetation but were very high on the bare soil, again with cover plant mixtures being intermediate. This study confirms that a bare soil obtained by herbicide is a secure way to ensure tree seedling establishment in afforestation by direct seeding. However, with the onus currently on reducing herbicide use, the results suggest that sowing a mixture of cover plants could be an acceptable alternative to herbicides. The cover plants could offer protection against frost, scorching temperatures, or the water run-off encountered on bare soil. However, there are also a number of unresolved issues that need be addressed before the cover plants technique can be recommended.