30%己乙水剂对玉米根系生理活性的调控效应

以玉米品种农大3138为材料，在大田和PVC管栽条件下研究了应用植物生长调节剂30%己乙水剂对玉米根系生理活性的影响，结果表明，玉米6叶期用400 mg/L 30%己乙水剂叶面喷施处理，可增加根系干重，显著提高第8层根（气生根）量，提高拔节期和籽粒形成期1～4层根、6～7层根的活力；提高拔节期和籽粒形成期1～4层根中蔗糖转化酶活性。15N示踪试验结果表明，30%己乙水剂处理提高了玉米灌浆期氮的累积，增加了向果穗和根系的分配，提高了根系伤流量和根系中氨基酸含量。30%己乙水剂处理后，玉米根系中生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸等激素含量的变化同根系生理活性变化相应，特别是通过根系伤流液向地上部输送细胞分裂素的能力增强，可能是整株生长发育改善的重要原因。30%己乙水剂施用提高玉米产量11.7%。     

Effect of traditional processing of cassava on the cyanide content of gari and cassava flour

Detoxification of cassava cultivars (30572 TMS and 30555 TMS) during their traditional methods of processing to produce gari and cassava flour has been investigated. The HCN quantitative determination was done using the enzymatic assay. Fermentation of cassava pulp for 96 hours during cassava processing for gari reduced the HCN by 22 ppm (52.4 percent) and 20 ppm (57.3 percent) for 30572 TMS and 30555 TMS respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the HCN content of the two cultivars. Soaking of the sliced cassava tissue for 24 hours in cassava flour production prior to sundrying resulted in 16 ppm (38.1 percent) and 15 ppm (38.4 percent) HCN reduction for 30572 TMS and 30555 TMS respectively. HCN loss during sundrying was 6 ppm (14.3 percent) and 5 ppm (12.8 percent) for the two cultivars. There was significantly (P<0.05) higher HCN loss in processing of gari than cassava flour. The residual cyanide in gari was 12 ppm for 30572 TMS and 10 ppm for 30555 TMS and that in the flour was 20 ppm for 30572 and 19 ppm for 30555 TMS.     

Phosphatase activities of pasture plants and soils: Relationship with plant productivity and soil P fertility indices

Summary Phosphatase activities of herbage roots and soil were measured at low- and high-fertility pasture sites over 12 months. Seasonal trends were examined and relationships with herbage yields, plant P contents, soil moisture and available P were assessed. The phosphatase activities generally followed complex seasonal patterns, although some trends were apparent. At the low-fertility site, where organic P provides most plant P, herbage and root phosphatase activities were correlated significantly (P<0.05) with available organic P, although generally, the plant phosphatases were not good indices of plant yield or P status. Soil moisture content appeared to be the major factor controlling plant phosphatase activity. Herbage phosphatase responded negatively at the low-fertility site, probably as a consequence of lower P availability from dry surface soil. Root phosphatase responded positively at both sites, indicating a different physiological role from that of the herbage enzyme. At the low-fertility site, soil phosphatase was correlated significantly (P<0.05) with herbage yield.     

The importance and ecology of yeasts in soil

This review focuses on literature pertaining to the interactions of soil yeasts with biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Soil yeasts not only affect microbial and plant growth, but may also play a role in soil aggregate formation and maintenance of soil structure. Serving as a nutrient source for bacterial, faunal and protistan predators, soil yeasts contribute to essential ecological processes such as the mineralization of organic material and dissipation of carbon and energy through the soil ecosystem. Some soil yeasts may also play a role in both the nitrogen and sulphur cycles and have the ability to solubilize insoluble phosphates making it more readily available for plants. Recently, the potential of soil yeasts as plant growth promoters and soil conditioners has been studied with the goal of using them in the field of sustainable agriculture.     

Biochar effects on soil biota - A review

Soil amendment with biochar is evaluated globally as a means to improve soil fertility and to mitigate climate change. However, the effects of biochar on soil biota have received much less attention than its effects on soil chemical properties. A review of the literature reveals a significant number of early studies on biochar-type materials as soil amendments either for managing pathogens, as inoculant carriers or for manipulative experiments to sorb signaling compounds or toxins. However, no studies exist in the soil biology literature that recognize the observed large variations of biochar physico-chemical properties. This shortcoming has hampered insight into mechanisms by which biochar influences soil microorganisms, fauna and plant roots. Additional factors limiting meaningful interpretation of many datasets are the clearly demonstrated sorption properties that interfere with standard extraction procedures for soil microbial biomass or enzyme assays, and the confounding effects of varying amounts of minerals. In most studies, microbial biomass has been found to increase as a result of biochar additions, with significant changes in microbial community composition and enzyme activities that may explain biogeochemical effects of biochar on element cycles, plant pathogens, and crop growth. Yet, very little is known about the mechanisms through which biochar affects microbial abundance and community composition. The effects of biochar on soil fauna are even less understood than its effects on microorganisms, apart from several notable studies on earthworms. It is clear, however, that sorption phenomena, pH and physical properties of biochars such as pore structure, surface area and mineral matter play important roles in determining how different biochars affect soil biota. Observations on microbial dynamics lead to the conclusion of a possible improved resource use due to co-location of various resources in and around biochars. Sorption and thereby inactivation of growth-inhibiting substances likely plays a role for increased abundance of soil biota. No evidence exists so far for direct negative effects of biochars on plant roots. Occasionally observed decreases in abundance of mycorrhizal fungi are likely caused by concomitant increases in nutrient availability, reducing the need for symbionts. In the short term, the release of a variety of organic molecules from fresh biochar may in some cases be responsible for increases or decreases in abundance and activity of soil biota. A road map for future biochar research must include a systematic appreciation of different biochar-types and basic manipulative experiments that unambiguously identify the interactions between biochar and soil biota.     

Elevated CO2 and plant species diversity interact to slow root decomposition

Changes in plant species diversity can result in synergistic increases in decomposition rates, while elevated atmospheric CO₂ can slow the decomposition rates; yet it remains unclear how diversity and changes in atmospheric CO₂ may interact to alter root decomposition. To investigate how elevated CO₂ interacts with changes in root-litter diversity to alter decomposition rates, we conducted a 120-day laboratory incubation. Roots from three species (Trifolium repens, Lespedeza cuneata, and Festuca pratense) grown under ambient or elevated CO₂ were incubated individually or in combination in soils that were exposed to ambient or elevated CO₂ for five years. Our experiment resulted in two main findings: (1) Roots from T. repens and L. cuneata, both nitrogen (N) fixers, grown under elevated CO₂ treatments had significantly slower decomposition rates than similar roots grown under ambient CO₂ treatments; but the decomposition rate of F. pratense roots (a non-N-fixing species) was similar regardless of CO₂ treatment. (2) Roots of the three species grown under ambient CO₂ and decomposed in combination with each other had faster decomposition rates than when they were decomposed as single species. However, roots of the three species grown under elevated CO₂ had similar decomposition rates when they were incubated alone or in combination with other species. These data suggest that if elevated CO₂ reduces the root decomposition rate of even a few species in the community, it may slow root decomposition of the entire plant community.     

如何解决腰轮流量计的计量与检定问题

腰轮流量计是目前原油输送过程中精确度高，使用较广的一种计量器具，介绍了腰轮流量计的结构、工作原理，分析了该流量计在原油外输计量及检定中出现的问题，以及在检定流程设计安装、四退换向阀漏失、介质粘度变化对检定结果的影响，并根据实践经验提出了具体建议。     

现行农村基层调解制度的若干问题

寻求诉讼外纠纷解决方式,构造多元化纠纷解决机制,最大化节约社会资源,已成为当今整个法学界关注的焦点问题之一.人民调解制度,是我国所特有的纠纷解决制度.其在基层农村纠纷解决方面发挥了巨大作用.然而实践过程中,在工作方式、工作人员是否回避等问题中还存在问题,有待研究.     

氮素供应对橡胶树根系生长的影响

在以甘蔗渣为介质的条件下,设计了10个供氮浓度,研究了氮素供应对橡胶树根系生长的影响。研究结果表明:在供氮浓度低于1280mg/kg时,适量施氮可以诱导侧根的生长,侧根的分枝数最高可以达到对照的14倍,各级侧根根系总长最高可增加3倍,而各级根重最高可提高2倍;施氮过多(>1280mg/kg),侧根数量又开始减少,根系变短变细,根重降低。但各级侧根的平均根长、根粗始终随着供氮浓度的增加而下降的。不同根系性状对氮素的反应不同,这说明氮素对根系的生长有重要的调控作用。     

不同生育期烤烟根系固土能力特征研究

本研究选取云南省主要种植作物——烤烟为试验材料,分析烤烟不同生育期(团棵期、现蕾期、成熟期)的根系固土能力特征。应用锚杆拉力计和自行设计的剪切箱对不同生育期烤烟根系的固土能力在0~10 cm和0~20 cm土层进行原位测定。结果表明:同一生育期,根系密度表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm;同一土壤深度范围内,根系密度表现为成熟期现蕾期团棵期。相同深度范围内,固土能力表现为成熟期现蕾期团棵期;在现蕾期和成熟期,固土能力表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm,而团棵期由于根系尚未深扎至20 cm深度,只有在样方的塑性变形阶段的固土能力,表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm;同一生育期相同深度范围内,载荷与位移间呈现显著的直线相关关系(P0.01)。随着载荷的增加,将出现载荷临界点F1、F2和F3,F1为比例极限点,F2为屈服拉力点,F3为抗拉极限点。相同深度,F1与根系密度间无明显相关关系,F2和F3分别与根系密度间呈显著幂函数关系。在0~10 cm,F2与根系密度和F3与根系密度的相关方程分别为y=1.313x0.042和y=1.379x0.084;在0~20 cm,F2与根系密度和F3与根系密度的相关方程分别为y=1.389x0.048和y=1.638x0.077。该测定方法可以在水土保持上作为评价不同作物(植物)固土能力的有效参考手段,建立不同作物根系固土数据库,为坡耕地作物配置提供理论依据。