不同施磷措施对橡胶幼苗根系生长的影响

以热研7-33-97橡胶芽接苗为研究材料,设置了6个不同的施磷水平,进行了磷对橡胶幼苗根系生长的影响研究.结果表明:随着施磷量的增加,叶片和根系磷含量在增加,根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量在减少.不施磷和500mg/kg磷浓度时,根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和氨基酸含量最高,酸性磷酸酶活性最大;当施磷浓度达到1 000 mg/kg时,根系活力达到最大值,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量减少,都达到显著水平,酸性磷酸酶活性显著降低.     

Decomposition of Pinus radiata coarse woody debris in New Zealand

The decomposition of Pinus radiata (D. Don) stems, coarse woody roots and stumps was studied in Tarawera forest, Bay of Plenty region, North Island, New Zealand. The study examined the residues from two thinning events with 6 and 11 years of decay. Changes in the mass of stems, and density of roots and stumps were used to estimate the decay rate constants using a single exponential model. The decay rate of stems was not significantly related to DBH and averaged 0.1374 year⁻¹ (22 years for 95% mass loss). The decay rate of coarse woody roots was not significantly different to stem decay and averaged 0.1571 year⁻¹ (19 years for 95% mass loss). A large range in stump decay rates was measured and a significantly lower decay constant was observed for stumps (0.1101 year⁻¹, 27 years for 95% mass loss), possibly due to the stumps being kept alive after felling through root grafting and a resistance to decay due to the presence of resin. The concentration of C remaining in stems and stumps increased with mass loss from 52% to 55% C after 11 years of decay. The C concentration in coarse woody roots initially increased but then declined near to the original level of 50% after 11 years of decay. Nitrogen concentrations increased substantially in all components with decay.     

Fine root production and turnover in Brazilian Eucalyptus plantations under contrasting nitrogen fertilization regimes

Nitrogen fertilization increased largely over the last decade in tropical eucalypt plantations but the behaviour of belowground tree components has received little attention. Sequential soil coring and ingrowth core methods were used in a randomized block experiment, from 18 to 32 months after planting Eucalyptus grandis, in Brazil, in order to estimate annual fine root production and turnover under contrasting N fertilization regimes (120 kg N ha⁻¹ vs. 0 kg N ha⁻¹). The response of growth in tree height and basal area to N fertilizer application decreased with stand age and was no longer significant at 36 months of age. The ingrowth core method provided only qualitative information about the seasonal course of fine root production and turnover. Mean fine root biomasses (diameter <2 mm) in the 0–30 cm layer measured by monthly coring amounted to 0.91 and 0.84 t ha⁻¹ in the 0 N and the 120 N treatments, respectively. Fine root production was significantly higher in the 0 N treatment (1.66 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) than in the 120 N treatment (1.12 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), probably as a result of the greater tree growth in the control treatment throughout the sampling period. Fine root turnover was 1.8 and 1.3 year⁻¹ in the 0 N and the 120 N treatments, respectively. However, large fine root biomass (diameter <1 mm) was found down to a depth of 3 m one year after planting: 1.67 and 1.61 t ha⁻¹ in the 0 N and the 120 N treatments, respectively. Fine root turnover might not be insubstantial in deep soil layers where large changes in soil water content were observed.     

秦艽根对小菜蛾杀虫活性物质初选

[目的]研究秦艽根对小菜蛾的杀虫活性物质。[方法]以乙醇超声法提取秦艽根中的活性物质,采用浸虫法测试提取物对小菜蛾的触杀活性;并采用液-液分配萃取法用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇对提取物依次萃取,且跟踪测试各萃取物的活性。[结果]秦艽根提取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的LC50为0.795 8 g/ml;提取物分离后石油醚萃取物活性最强,氯仿萃取物、乙酸乙酯萃取物次之,而正丁醇萃取物及水层剩余物作用不明显。[结论]秦艽根对小菜蛾具有较强的触杀活性且杀虫活性物质为脂溶性的化合物。     

植物磷吸收的分子机理研究进展

磷是植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素.植物磷营养高效利用通常与根形态、根分泌物、膜与体内磷转运以及菌根等因素有关,表现为受多基因控制.随着分子生物学技术的发展和研究的不断深入,对植物磷吸收的研究也深入到分子水平.本文主要从根的构型、根系分泌物、菌根、植物的磷转运子以及磷胁迫条件特异性表达基因等方面对植物磷吸收的分子机制进行综述.     

花生根中白藜芦醇提取工艺的优化

白藜芦醇是一种重要的植物活性物质,具有多种生物活性.以白藜芦醇提取率为考察指标,探讨了花生根白藜芦醇的提取工艺.从4种常用试剂中选出乙醇作为提取剂,并在单因素试验的基础上.通过二次回归旋转组合设计试验,优化白藜芦醇提取的工艺参数.结果表明:乙醇体积分数61.48%、温度69.97℃、液料比38.94mL/g、浸提时间1 h、提取次数1次为最佳提取条件,在此条件下提取率为0.32%.     

类黄酮参与调控中亚滨藜幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受性

中亚滨藜是一种典型的盐生植物,广泛分布在我国盐碱地区。前期研究中,我们发现盐胁迫显著诱导了中亚滨藜幼苗根尖类黄酮的累积,但其中的生理机理尚不完全清楚。在不同盐浓度(50 mmol·L~(-1)、100 mmol·L~(-1)、250mmol·L~(-1)、500 mmol·L~(-1)、600 mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)处理下,通过添加KNO_3(25 mmol·L~(-1)、35 mmol·L~(-1))和外源槲皮素(100 nmol·L-1 quercetin),采用植物生理学和生物化学等研究方法,分析了盐诱导的类黄酮累积在调节中亚滨藜幼苗耐盐性中的生理机理。研究结果表明,使用外源类黄酮类物质——槲皮素进行处理,一方面更加抑制了盐胁迫下幼苗主根的生长,同时还显著降低了根部H_2O_2的累积和幼苗在盐胁迫下的MDA水平,但使可溶性糖含量显著升高。这些结果表明,槲皮素通过抑制主根生长,影响了中亚滨藜根系结构;通过降低氧化伤害,提高了中亚滨藜幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受性。盐胁迫还显著诱导了中亚滨藜幼苗对硝酸盐(NO3-)的累积,使用25mmol·L~(-1)和35 mmol·L~(-1) KNO3处理,可显著诱导其幼苗根尖类黄酮的累积。这些结果表明,硝态氮可能通过影响类黄酮途径,从而参与调控了中亚滨藜幼苗的耐盐性。本研究为进一步揭示中亚滨藜耐盐的生理与分子机制,以及类黄酮参与调控中亚滨藜耐盐性的生理与分子机理提供了理论基础;同时为使用现代生物技术和农艺措施提高作物耐盐性、改良盐碱地提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

基于GprMaxV2.0的树木根系正演模拟

将现场实验得到的相思树根系的探测信号图与利用Gpr Max V2.0软件模拟的根系信号图对比分析,得出根的埋深、水平间距、根的直径是根目标反射信号产生差异的主要影响因素。为得到更接近实际根系生长状况的图像数据,利用Gpr Max V2.0模拟了交错根系的图谱,并对其反射信号进行了分析;探查出交错根系不同角度的模拟图像的差异及其产生原因,进一步证实了利用Gpr Max V2.0软件模拟探地雷达探测树木根系的有效性。     

Nitrogen uptake and N-use efficiency of Mediterranean cotton under varied deficit irrigation and N fertilization

Efficient N management is essential to optimize yields and reduce degradation of the environment, but requires knowledge of deficit irrigation effects on crop yields and crop N outputs. This study assessed the N content and N-use efficiency of cotton over the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons in a single field site of the Thessaly Plain (central Greece). The experiment consisted of nine treatments with three fertilizer rates (60, 110 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹) split into three irrigation levels (approx. 1.0, 0.7 and 0.4 of the amount applied by the producer). Reduced water supply induced a shift in the distribution of N within the plant with seeds becoming an N sink under conditions of water stress. Total crop N increased linearly with irrigation level and reached a maximum average of 261 and 192 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Fertilizer application did not trigger a crop N or yield response and indicated that N inputs were in excess of crop needs. Variation in weather patterns appeared to explain annual differences of nitrate-N in the top soil and N uptake by the crop.The index of lint production efficiency (iNUE) detected crop responses caused by irrigation and annual effects, but failed to account for excessive N inputs due to mineral fertilizer applications. A maximum average iNUE of 9.6 was obtained under deficit irrigation, whereas an iNUE of 8.1 was obtained under 40 cm irrigation when crop N uptake was not excessive (192 kg ha⁻¹ in 2009). In contrast, NUE, as an estimator of N recovery efficiency, identified excessive fertilizer inputs as N losses to the environment and indicated that 60 kg N ha⁻¹ was a rate of high N removal efficiency and long-term N balance. However, NUE failed to account for crop N responses to irrigation and weather/management patterns. In this case study, neither index was able to detect all the factors influencing the N mass balance and both were required in order to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental performance of our cropping system.     

Contrasting rice backcross inbred lines (BILs) for grain yield and heading under lowland reproductive stage moisture stress

Identification and understanding the role of physio-morphological drought responsive mechanisms leading to grain yield enhancement under water stress is a critical insight for designing appropriate strategies to breed drought-tolerant cultivars for any drought prone ecology. In this study, three pairs of contrasting BILs with varied maturity were characterized for several agronomical, physiological and morphological traits across a wide range of moisture stress environments at reproductive stage during 2012–2014. Within each group, BILs differ significantly for grain yield, heading, biomass and harvest index under drought stress, but showed similar yield potential, phenology and other traits under control condition. The most tolerant BIL, S-15 out yielded all BILs and standard checks under both conditions. Apart from superior agronomic performance, drought tolerant BILs maintained significantly higher assimilation rate, transpiration rate and transpiration efficiency compared to susceptible BILs under stress in all three groups. In addition, most tolerant BIL (S-15) showed significantly higher stomatal conductance than susceptible BIL (S-55) in early group. Among root traits, significant differences under stress was observed for root dry weight between contrasting BILs in each group, even though tolerant BILs had higher root length and root volume compared to susceptible BILs, which is non-significant. Hence, consideration of root traits an important strategy for drought avoidance in case of rice may not always contributes to significant yield improvement under moisture stress condition. Further, tolerant BILs also recorded significantly higher shoot dry weight and drought recovery score at seedling stage under stress. Our findings suggest that genotypes with higher photosynthetic efficiency and better plant water status are able to produce higher grain yield under drought stress environments.