青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组(TH₀)和3个青稞秸秆不同比例替代组TH₅、TH₁₀和TH₁₅。青贮14 d开窖取样,分析其发酵品质、化学成分及微生物数量,将剩余的发酵TMR暴露于空气,用多通道温度记录仪记录温度变化;并分别在有氧暴露的第2,5和8天取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照组(TH₀)相比,TH₅的pH、乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量无显著(P>0.05)差异;TH₁₀和对照相比pH差异不显著(P>0.05),但乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;TH₁₅ pH显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;各组氨态氮/总氮和乳酸/乙酸无显著(P>0.05)差异,均以乳酸发酵为主,发酵品质良好。有氧暴露第2天后各组pH和氨态氮/总氮持续上升;乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量持续下降;酵母菌和好氧细菌数量显著(P<0.05)升高。除TH₁₅外,其他各组温度在第35 h开始上升,TH₁₅温度上升延迟,并且温度上升峰值最小。和其他组相比,TH₁₅有氧稳定性最好。综合考虑发酵品质、有氧稳定性及对青稞秸秆资源的最大化利用,建议采用TH₁₅设计配方最为适宜。     

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) genotype identification: An artificial neural network approach

Summary

The potential use of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) for characterization and identification of seventeen chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) accessions, belonging to the ``marrone''-type and ``chestnut''-type, was investigated in genotypes originating from regions of Italy. Different back-propagation neural networks (BPNN) were built on the basis of image analysis parameters of the leaves, for two tasks of chestnut classification. In the first case a BPNN was built and trained to differentiate the 17 accessions of chestnut. In the second case a BPNN was conceived to distinguish between the ``marrone'' and ``chestnut'' types. BPNN produced a clear identification of all the accessions except in the case of `Garrone nero', `Garrone rosso' and `Tempuriva', which showed almost the same output diagram. Cluster analysis separated the 17 chestnut genotypes into four main groups whose differences were related to the original sources of the genotypes and to the type of affiliation (``marrone''-type or ``chestnut''-type). Artificial neural network technique was also able to discriminate between ``marrone''-type and ``chestnut''-type accessions. Qualitative and quantitative rules for the image analysis parameters, useful for classifying chestnut accessions into these two types, were obtained. On the whole the relative importance of the leaf parameters reveals that ``typical'' leaves for ``marrone''-type are more elongated, of a darker colour and with a higher perimeter/area ratio than the leaves of the ``chestnut''-type.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on mycotoxin disappearance and amino acid contents of corn,wheat, and soybeans with different moisture contents

The effects of gamma irradiation on degradation of aflatoxin B₁ in wheat, corn, and soybeans and of T-2 toxin in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON) in soybeans, and zearalenone in corn at 9, 13, and 17% moisture were studied. Radiation doses of 5, 7.5, 10 or 20 kGy were applied to spiked grain samples, and the residual toxins were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Irradiation doses of up to 20 kGy did not significantly affect aflatoxin B₁ in any of the three grains, but significant reductions occurred in T-2 toxin, DON, and zearalenone concentration at doses of 10 or 20 kGy and in T-2 toxin at the 7.5 kGy dose. Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's Multiple Range Test showed no significant interaction between radiation dose and grain moisture level. Irradiation of the ground grains at doses higher than 5 kGy resulted in small, but significant, losses of lysine in corn (only at 7.5 kGy), wheat, and soybeans, and methionine was reduced in wheat and corn samples. In some cases, phenylalanine decreased in corn and wheat, and histidine levels in wheat were reduced in samples receiving 7.5 kGy of irradiation. Other essential amino acids were not affected significantly by irradiation.Contribution No. 94-114-J of the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.     

基于定量PCR方法初步分析西藏开菲尔粒中细菌与酵母菌数量变化

运用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析西藏开菲尔粒中细菌与酵母菌的数量变化规律,需要有效提取其微生物总基因组DNA。本文通过同时添加溶菌酶与溶壁酶优化实验方案,成功获得西藏开菲尔粒中微生物的总基因组DNA。荧光定量PCR分析提取自培养1、4、8和12周的西藏开菲尔粒的微生物总基因组DNA,结果显示:4个时间点细菌16S rRNA与酵母菌26S rRNA基因拷贝数均分别约为每微升107拷贝与105拷贝,表明细菌与酵母菌的数量相对稳定。该结果为进一步研究西藏开菲尔粒中细菌与酵母菌间的共生关系奠定了一定的基础。     

鲜啤酒糟饲喂西门塔尔种母牛试验研究

[目的]为了探讨鲜啤酒糟对西门塔尔种母牛产奶量的影响.[方法]选择健康泌乳正常的西门塔尔母牛30头,依据胎次、产奶量、产奶天数分为3组,每组10头.试验A组在基础日粮中加喂鲜啤酒糟10 kg/头·日;试验B组在基础日粮中增加配合精料1.5 kg/头·日;对照组饲喂基础日粮.[结果]表明,试验A、B组头日均增奶3.11 ...     

颗粒型燕麦牛乳饮品配方及工艺优化

从配方和工艺2 个角度研究颗粒型燕麦牛乳的稳定性,以离心沉淀率、黏度和感官评分作为评价指标。结果表明：对稳定剂进行优化后,得到最佳复配稳定剂配方为结冷胶添加量0.04%、卡拉胶添加量0.020%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.020%、微晶纤维素添加量0.20%;对配料温度、水合时间、均质压力和灌装温度4 个影响体系稳定性的工艺点进行单因素试验,继而设计正交试验,得到最佳参数组合为配料温度50 ℃、水合时间40 min、均质压力30 MPa、灌装温度15 ℃,此条件下产品稳定性最佳,口感良好。     

寒地水稻品种子粒灌浆特性差异及其对结实率的影响

用 L ogistic生长方程 W =K/ (1+ ae-bt)对寒地水稻品种 (系 )强、弱势子粒灌浆过程进行了分析 ,并依配得的 L ogistic方程导出了若干个子粒灌浆特性参数。结果表明 ,强势粒的起始灌浆量、最大灌浆强度高于弱势粒 ,有效灌浆期比弱势粒短 ,最大灌浆速率出现时间和最大灌浆速率期早于弱势粒。强、弱势粒各项灌浆参数均存在品种间差异。相关分析表明 ,强势粒和弱势粒的最大灌浆速率出现时间早、最大灌浆速率期早、平均灌浆强度高 ,弱势粒起始灌浆量大、最大灌浆速率高 ,强弱势粒同步灌浆性强 ;结实率高 ,寒地超高产水稻品种应适当提早抽穗期 ,从而提早弱势粒最大灌浆速率期 ,保证较高结实率水平     

滇型杂交粳稻在旱作条件下的表型特征及其与经济产量相关关系的研究

滇型杂交粳稻的研究与开发在云南高原已有30多年的历史,为云南水稻增产作出了巨大贡献。然而,我们对滇型杂交水稻在旱作条件下的表型特征特性却知之甚少。本研究的主要目的在于鉴定育成滇型杂交稻组合的耐旱特征特性,并对生长速率,其他表型性状与经济产量的相关关系进行研究,以期为滇型杂交稻旱作节水栽培和今后的耐旱育种提供理论依据。试验结果表明,滇型杂交粳稻品种(组合)耐旱性有显著的遗传差异,其中滇杂35产量和结实率均明显高于其它4个参试品种(组合)。小区产量与每穗实粒数和减数分裂期的生长速率相关系数分别为0.96和0.93,达极显著水平,与结实率的相关系数达0.9,为显著水平,表明在以小区产量为目标的育种项目中,使用这些性状可以大大地提高育种效率。