水稻两用核不育系C815S的选育与利用

用安献零S作母本,培矮64S作父本杂交,通过自然气候条件和人工低温对育性的增压选择,经过5年10代的定向培育,于2002年育成具有不育起点温度低、理想株型、优质、广亲和、高异率、配合力强的两用核不育系C815S,2004年通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.已选配出C两优396、C两优87、C两优343、C两优755、C两优1102等一批超级杂交稻新组合通过湖南省审定或在国家和省区试中表现突出.该不育系的育成,是优质超级稻选育的重大突破.     

枝孢属一新种——素馨枝孢

 报道木犀科(Oleaceae)上素馨枝孢新种Cladosporium jasmini sp.nov. 附拉丁文描述及线条图,标本保藏于云南农业大学真菌标本室（MHYAU）。     

浙江水青冈的生境与群落初步调查

浙江水青冈是我国3级保护珍稀濒危植物台湾水青冈的一个变种,发现仅分布于浙江省永嘉县四海山林场。本文报道浙江水青冈的分布、生境、群落组成结构及天然更新等。     

水果和蔬菜中维生素C的全量分析

本文提出一个具有简便、快速、准确等优点的步骤,应用紫外分光光度法测定水果蔬菜中的抗坏血酸(AA)和脱氢抗坏血酸(DHAA),用易配制、耐保存的三氯醋酸(TCA)溶液取代广泛使用、但难以配制和保存的偏磷酸溶液来提取样品中的维生素C(Vc);且在Cu~(2 )溶液里溶入1.0％的蔗糖,来增加Cu~(2 )催化氧化AA的能力,降低实际样品中AA进行氧化还原反应所需温度。     

普通田菁根瘤菌及其类菌体的碳源研究

普通田菁(Sesbania cannabina)根瘤菌属快生型,24小时形成菌落,杆状,大小为0.28～0.47μm×1.3～2.5 μm,运动,具两根侧生鞭毛,类菌体形态与其培养基上形态相似。能广泛利用碳源。产能基质试验结果表明,类菌体不能利用蔗糖,丙酮酸是最有效的能源,其次是葡萄糖、α-酮戊二酸、延胡索酸、琥珀酸、草酰乙酸、乳酸和苹果酸,果糖利用较差。类菌体的固氮酶活性从 10 m mol·L~(-1)始随基质浓度递增而增加,琥珀酸和丙酮酸分别在 200和300mmol·L~(-1)时达最高活性,而葡萄糖达 500 mmol·L~(-1)时乙炔还原活性还在上升,未出现抑制现象。葡萄糖为产能基质要求低氧浓度,当氧浓度为反应瓶气体体积的2％时,类菌体乙炔还原活性最高,6％时活性很低,而丙酮酸,琥珀酸为基质,类菌体适应氧浓度范围比较宽,在6％时固氮酶活性最强。     

不同类型有机物料的有机磷组成及生物有效性

  【目的】  研究不同有机物料的有机磷组成及其作为磷源施用后的供磷能力,为化肥磷的有机替代奠定理论基础。  【方法】  供试有机物料包括粪肥类 (猪粪、羊粪)、绿肥类 (豌豆、苜蓿和绿豆)、秸秆类 (小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆)。分析了8种有机物料的全磷、有机磷含量和C/P值,采用Bowman-Cole方法测定了有机磷中的活性 (LOP)、中活性 (MLOP)、中稳性 (MROP) 和高稳性有机磷 (HROP) 4个组分的含量。用供试的8种有机物料进行了小麦盆栽试验,分析了土壤速效磷含量、小麦吸磷量与不同有机物料的有机磷组成、碳/磷 (C/P) 值之间的关系。  【结果】  粪肥、绿肥和秸秆中的全磷含量分别为5.49～5.52、1.19～2.59、0.57～1.07 g/kg,有机物料中有机磷含量占全磷的比例在31.3%～55.2%,除绿豆秸秆外,有机磷含量小于无机磷。有机磷中LOP、MLOP、MROP和HROP的平均比例分别为8.5%、45.2%、41.5%和4.9%。LOP平均含量以粪肥类 (175.5 mg/kg) > 绿肥类 (67.03 mg/kg) > 秸秆类 (25.8 mg/kg);以猪粪、绿豆秸秆的MLOP含量相对较高;MROP含量羊粪 > 猪粪 > 苜蓿秸秆 > 绿豆秸秆 > 豌豆秸秆 > 玉米秸秆 > 油菜秸秆 > 小麦秸秆;HROP在粪肥中的含量显著高于其他类型物料。施用绿肥和粪肥显著增加了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量,而施用秸秆则不同程度降低了小麦的吸磷量和生物学产量。小麦吸磷量与土壤速效磷含量呈线性正相关关系,与有机物料C/P值呈极显著负相关关系,与LOP、MLOP、MROP呈极显著正相关关系,与HROP相关性不显著;土壤速效磷与有机物料C/P值呈负相关关系。  【结论】  供试有机物料中的全磷含量以粪肥类 > 绿肥类 > 秸秆类,无机磷含量均大于有机磷含量 (绿豆秸秆除外),有机磷以中活性和中稳性有机磷为主。绿肥类和粪肥类物料中含磷量高、且C/P值较低,作为肥料使用能显著增加土壤速效磷含量、小麦生物学产量和吸磷量,可以有效替代一定比例的磷肥。而秸秆类有机物料含磷量较低,且C/P值较高,不适宜作为化肥磷的有机替代物料。     

翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响

以3种翻耕补播方式(深翻耕补播、浅翻耕补播和免耕补播,播量30kg/hm2)及深翻补播不同播量(7.5kg/hm2、15kg/hm2和22.5kg/hm2)为研究对象,以封育未补播为对照,研究了不同翻耕补播措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响.结果 表明:封育未补播处理可提高0～10cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量;深翻耕...     

Do cover crops impact labile C more than total C? Data synthesis

The potential of cover crops (CC) to increase total soil organic C (SOC) concentration can be inconsistent, but labile SOC is considered to be more sensitive to management than total SOC. This leads to two questions: Do CCs impact labile SOC more than total SOC? Do CCs increase labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC? This review compares CC impacts on labile and total SOC based on CC studies reporting both parameters up to 31 Dec 2022. Labile and total SOC concentrations were measured in 31 CC study locations. Cover crops increased labile SOC concentration in 58% (18 of 31) and had no effect in 42% (13 of 31) of locations, suggesting CCs do not increase labile SOC in all cases. Within the 18 locations, CCs increased labile SOC without increasing total SOC in only 19% (6 of 31 locations), while in the rest (12 of 31) of locations, CCs increased both labile and total SOC. Thus, CCs increased labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC in only one-fifth of cases. Also, the few studies that monitored changes in labile SOC with time found CCs do not always increase labile more rapidly than total SOC. In the 12 locations where CCs increased both labile and total SOC, CCs increased labile SOC by 54 ± 30% and total SOC by 23 ± 10%, indicating CCs can increase labile SOC by about two times compared with total SOC in some locations. Increased CC biomass production and reduced residue decomposition can increase labile SOC. Overall, CCs increase labile SOC in most cases but may not always increase labile SOC more rapidly than total SOC although more CC studies monitoring changes in SOC pools with time are needed to better understand CC impacts on SOC fractions under different CC management scenarios and climatic conditions.     

Effect of straw biochar application on soil carbon,greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen leaching: A vegetable crop rotation field experiment

Intensive vegetable crop systems are rapidly developing, with consequences for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, nitrogen leaching and soil carbon. We undertook a field trial to explore the effect of biochar application (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹) on these factors in lettuce, water spinach and ice plant rotation. Our results show that the 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹ soil treatments resulted in the SOC content being 26.3% and 29.8% higher than the control (0 t ha⁻¹), respectively, with significant differences among all treatments (p < .05). Biochar application caused N₂O emissions to decrease during the lettuce and water spinach seasons, by 1.5%–33.6% and 12.4%–40.5%, respectively, compared the control, with the 20 t ha⁻¹ application rate resulting in the lowest N₂O emissions. Biochar also decreased the dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentration in leachate by 9.8%–36.2%, following a 7.3%–19.9% reduction in dissolved nitrogen in the soil. Similarly, biochar decreased the nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations in leachate by 3.9%–30.2%, following a 3.8%–16.7% reduction in the soil nitrate level. Overall, straw biochar applied at rate of 20 t ha⁻¹ produced the lowest N₂O emissions and N leaching, while, increasing soil carbon.