Tissue-specific antioxidative and neurotoxic responses to diazinon in Oreochromis niloticus

The purpose of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress and neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide diazinon in the sentinel freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein levels were measured spectrophotometrically in gill, kidney, alimentary tract, and muscle tissues of fish treated with sub-lethal diazinon concentrations for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. Dose-dependent inhibitions of AChE were observed in all the experimental fish. On the contrary of alimentary tract, MDA levels were elevated in kidney and muscle and gill was not affected. AChE and MDA levels intercorrelated in kidney and muscle tissues. Diazinon had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all the tissues, while kidney was the most affected tissue. Tissue-specific alterations were observed on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; however, the activities were not changed in gill and muscle tissues for GPx and in gill, muscle, and kidney tissues for CAT. Protein levels decreased in kidney, muscle, and alimentary tract, while increased in gill and alimentary tract in 15 days. With respect to these results, diazinon has oxidative and neurotoxic potentials in O. niloticus. Observed changes with diazinon treatment were generally tissue-specific and dose-dependent.     

纤维素复合酶对羔羊消化道组织结构的影响

为了探明纤维素复合酶提高羔羊饲料消化率的消化道组织学基础,选择刚出生且体重相近的波尔山羊公羔30只(20日龄开始自由采食优质苜蓿干草, 80日龄断奶)分为对照组和试验组(添加0.2%酶制剂),分别在2、3和4月龄每组各选体重相近的3只羔羊屠宰.结果表明,瘤胃乳头长度、宽度和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积随月龄增加而增加,而单位面积乳头数随着月龄的增加而减少(P ＜ 0.01).酶制剂提高3、4月龄羔羊瘤胃乳头长度(P ＜ 0.01)、宽度(P ＞ 0.05)和单位面积瘤胃乳头表面积(P ＜ 0.01),减少单位面积乳头数(P ＜ 0.01).显著提高3月龄十二指肠肠绒毛的长度(P ＜ 0.05).在3、4月龄,酶制剂有增加小肠隐窝深度和黏膜厚度的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P ＞ 0.05).     

不同采收季节对叶用芥菜类黄酮物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响

 以10个不同基因型叶用芥菜为试材, 研究了不同采收季节对其总酚含量、类黄酮含量和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明春季采收的总酚含量、抗氧化活性显著高于冬季采收的。叶用芥菜含有槲皮素和山奈素两种类黄酮化合物, 春季采收的槲皮素和山奈素含量高于冬季采收的。基因型间总酚、槲皮素和山奈素的含量及抗氧化活性均存在较大的差异, 并与生长季节有极显著的互作关系, 表明生长季节对不同基因型叶用芥菜酚类物质积累和抗氧化活性有较大的影响。总酚、槲皮素和山奈素的含量分别与抗氧化活性呈极显著和显著正相关。     

白菜耐光氧化能力鉴定及其与活性氧代谢关系的研究

 采用人工光氧化技术对30个常见白菜栽培品种进行光氧化处理, 以总叶绿素存留率作为评价指标, 利用系统聚类分析将供试品种划分为5个级别(1～5级) 。其中耐光氧化能力强的品种有青优4号、暑绿、抗热605、绿扬青、矮抗6号、华王; 不耐光氧化的品种有四倍体矮脚黄、绿星。在此基础上, 以耐光氧化品种抗热605与不耐光氧化品种绿星为材料, 研究了光氧化过程中活性氧代谢的特征。结果表明:在光氧化条件下, 白菜叶片内的抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性受光氧化诱导升高, 但光氧化敏感性品种绿星的酶活性很快下降, 耐光氧化品种抗热605的酶活持续保持在较高的水平。因此, 绿星的O₂·生成速率、H₂O₂ 含量及MDA的积累量均高于抗热605, 最终导致品种绿星在光氧化下总叶绿素存留率低。表明抗热605植株内较高的抗氧化酶活性对提高耐光氧化能力起了重要作用。     

Antioxidant and stomatal responses of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) to boron toxicity

Although of considerable agronomic importance, our understanding of B toxicity mechanism in plants is still not completely understood, and remains an open question. Therefore, we investigated the effect of increasing levels of B (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹) on the growth, boron (B) concentrations, stomatal resistance, lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), lypoxygenase activity (LOX), proline (PRO) and H₂O₂ accumulation, and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Kalecik Karasi) grafted on 5BB rootstock (V. berlandieri × V. riparia) was investigated. Applied toxic levels of B significantly reduced leaf and root growth and increased the B concentration of the leaf, and stem, bark and root of rootstock. In the all B levels leaf tissues of grapevine accumulated more B than that of the other plant parts. In order to restrict excessive uptake of B, stomatal resistance of the leaves increased especially at high B treatments (20 and 30 mg kg⁻¹). The concentrations of H₂O₂, MDA and membrane permeability were increased as the result of B toxicity while proline and the activity of lypoxygenase were decreased. Compared with control plants, the activities of SOD and CAT were increased by B treatments while the activity of APX was decreased. To our knowledge, this is the first report that B toxicity elevated the antioxidant enzymes to protect the membrane functions from reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury in grapevine and it was hoped that this study would provide a basis for developing strategies for reducing the risks associated with B toxicity.     

大枣加工中氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C的变化

以大枣为原料,在浸提、澄清工序中,通过抗氧化剂和果胶酶处理试验,旨在探索大枣在加工过程中氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C的变化规律,达到最大限度保存大枣中总维生素C的目的。结果表明,(1)采用植酸处理对还原型维生素C的保存效果最好;(2)0.04%的六偏磷酸钠和0.06%的EDTA-2Na对氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C都具有较好地保存作用;(3)茶多酚和EDTA-2Na对氧化型维生素C的降解起抑制作用;(4)六偏磷酸钠可使氧化型维生素C和总维生素C的含量增高;⑤采用果胶酶处理对氧化型维生素C具有较好地保存作用。     

盐胁迫对珠美海棠和山定子膜保护酶系统的影响

实验以耐盐种珠美海棠(MaluszumiMats)和盐敏感种山定子[Malusbaccata(L.)Borkh]为试材,比较研究了在盐胁迫下叶片质膜透性、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及根质膜透性的变化,为探索苹果属植物耐盐机制提供素材。结果表明,盐胁迫对根质膜透性没有明显的影响;但导致叶片质膜透性增加,盐敏感种山定子的质膜透性高于耐盐的珠美海棠。随盐胁迫加重,叶绿素a、b含量降低,叶绿素a/b比值增加,类胡萝卜素变化不明显。MDA含量随盐胁迫而升高,但珠美海棠低于山定子。山定子叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性随盐胁迫加重而降低,而珠美海棠SOD活性在盐胁迫下保持稳定,POD、CAT活性增高。由此可见珠美海棠在盐胁迫条件下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统。     

甜樱桃红色素的体外抗氧化活性

为了开发功能性食用色素新资源,以酿酒剩余皮渣为原料,采用水浸提-大孔吸附树脂分离纯化甜樱桃红色素,并从还原能力、抗脂质过氧化和抑制邻苯三酚自氧化3个方面研究了甜樱桃红色素的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,采用大孔吸附树脂可以有效分离纯化甜樱桃皮渣中的红色素,甜樱桃红色素具有较强的还原能力,并可有效抑制亚油酸的过氧化和邻苯三酚自氧化,且抑制效果与浓度密切相关。在试验浓度范围内,其对亚油酸过氧化和邻苯三酚自氧化的最大抑制率分别可达到99．53％和99．11％。因此,甜樱桃红色素是一种具有良好抗氧化活性的功能性天然食用色素。     

极多产对冷胁迫后黄瓜幼苗恢复生长的影响

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗为试材,研究了不同浓度极多产溶液(壳聚糖的酸性溶液)的处理对其低温胁迫后的生长势和生理生化特性变化的影响.结果表明:在低温胁迫后恢复生长过程中,极多产处理浓度为100mg/L和200mg/L的黄瓜幼苗恢复生长较快,常温下恢复生长15d幼苗的光曲线净光合速率及活性氧清除酶SOD、APX和POD也明显高于对照,同时植株的株高、最大叶面积、鲜重和干重也都显著高于对照.说明适宜浓度的极多产处理能有效地促进冷胁迫后黄瓜幼苗的生长,对低温胁迫有一定的缓解效应.     

沙生牧草和盐生牧草抗氧化特性比较

试验以在科尔沁沙地和盐碱地生长的羊草、芦苇、苔草、扁蓿豆四种多年生牧草为材料,检测其膜质过氧化程度和抗氧化酶活性。结果表明,盐碱地生境对四种牧草的伤害较沙地严重,四种牧草对两种逆境的适应表现是芦苇>羊草>苔草>扁蓿豆。由抗氧化酶活性测定可知,沙生牧草主要通过增强POD酶活性,盐生牧草主要通过增强SOD和CAT酶活性提高其抗氧化能力,四种牧草的抗氧化酶活性之间有明显的差异。