硝化型和异养型生物絮团养殖系统罗非鱼养殖效果和微生物群落结构比较

为了对比硝化型和异养型生物絮团养殖系统的运行效果,实验在硝化组和异养组中养殖吉富罗非(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼51天,对比研究罗非鱼的生长性能、非特异性免疫酶活、消化酶活以及水体和肠道微生物的群落结构。结果显示：两组罗非鱼的成活率和增重率等生长性能指标均无显著性差异。异养组罗非鱼的非特异性免疫酶活显著高于硝化组。硝化组罗非鱼肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均显著高于异养组,异养组的蛋白酶显著高于硝化组。罗非鱼肠道占比前5的优势门均为变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和衣原体门(Chlamydiae),其中变形菌门是各组中最主要的菌群。硝化型水中占比前4的优势门为变形菌门,绿弯菌门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes);异养型水中占比前4的优势门为变形菌门,绿弯菌门,拟杆菌门,放线菌门。分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)是是水体和肠道中最主要的潜在致病菌而Diplorickettsiaceae和邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)均保持在较低水平。水体和肠道中除梭菌属(Clostridium)外其余潜在致病菌如气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)等含量水平硝化型组均高于异养型组。     

盐度对金钱鱼幼鱼存活、生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨盐度对金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼存活、生长和抗氧化状态的影响,在6个盐度梯度(淡水和盐度5、10、20、30和35)下,养殖体质量为(6.27±0.28)g金钱鱼幼鱼60 d,统计其存活率及生长情况,测定各盐度下金钱鱼幼鱼肝脏、鳃、肌肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:金钱鱼幼鱼在盐度为0~35时存活率为97.78%~100%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。盐度为5时,终末体长、体质量和增重率均达到最大,盐度为35时,终末体长、体质量和增重率最小。盐度5条件下的特定生长率为(0.96±0.01)%,显著高于其他盐度组(P<0.05)。基于特定生长率的二次回归模型拟合,预测体质量为(6.27±0.28)g的金钱鱼幼鱼高效养殖盐度为7.5。淡水组和盐度35高盐组金钱鱼幼鱼肝脏中SOD与CAT活力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),并且肝脏中的GPx活力和MDA含量也处于较高水平。GST活力与GSH含量在各盐度组间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究揭示:金钱鱼幼鱼在0~35的盐度时具有高存活率,但在低盐环境中生长较快;淡水和高盐环境能引起鱼体内产生一定程度的抗氧化应激。推荐金钱鱼幼鱼养殖盐度为5~10。     

氨基酸硒叶面肥对吐鲁番秋季露地甜瓜叶片早衰生理特性的影响

【目的】研究叶面喷施不同浓度氨基酸硒肥,对新疆吐鲁番秋季露地甜瓜早衰生理的影响,筛选出秋季露地甜瓜早衰延缓和调控技术中氨基酸硒肥的最佳施用浓度和频次。【方法】在吐鲁番秋季露地栽培条件下,以露地甜瓜主栽品种'西州密17号'为试材,从初花期开始设置叶面喷施不同浓度氨基酸硒肥处理,以清水为对照,分析不同浓度氨基酸硒肥对甜瓜叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律及与叶片早衰的关系。【结果】相对于清水对照处理,每隔7 d喷施2 000~2 500倍的氨基酸硒肥6~7次,可以有效延缓叶片在衰老期叶绿素相对含量、可溶性蛋白含量的下降速度,降低MDA的升高,明显提高了抗氧化酶的活性。【结论】喷施2 000~2 500倍氨基酸硒肥是延缓甜瓜叶片衰老比较理想的调控措施。     

不同种质番茄材料抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病特性研究

以不同种质番茄为实验材料,利用苗期农杆菌接种法接种番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV),采用实时定量PCR和生理生化方法评价对TYLCV的抗性,统计分析不同抗性番茄材料不同发病时期的表型特征、带毒率、抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量的变化情况,并分析各抗性指标之间的关系。结果表明,番茄材料带毒率为100%;853没有任何感病症状,802与803感病最为严重;抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量在各时期均较高的有867、857、853,817与842次之,803最低。SOD活性、CAT活性、APX活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量、Ty-1基因、Ty-2和Ty-3基因的表达量相互之间均呈极显著正相关(总酚与Ty-1之间为显著正相关,P<0.01)。番茄植株感染TYLCV后,Ty-1的表达相比于其他抗病基因具有延迟性。综合分析筛选出867、857、853三种抗病性较强的材料,植株体内的抗性基因、抗氧化酶、总酚与类黄酮之间呈正相关,共同提高了番茄植株对TYLCV的抗性。     

An in vitro method to determine phosphorus digestibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) feed ingredients

An in vitro method was developed to assess the digestibility of phosphorus in 12 plant and animal feed ingredients for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The method simulates the gastrointestinal tract of the rainbow trout with regard to pH and gastrointestinal enzymes. Phosphorus solubility was measured after acid digestion (pH 3) with and without gastric enzymes, after alkaline digestion (pH 9) with and without intestinal enzymes, and after a two-step process involving acid and alkaline digestion. Commercially available digestive enzymes from mammals were compared with digestive enzymes from rainbow trout. Correlating in vitro digestibility with in vivo digestibility showed that acid digestion with both commercial enzymes ( r ²=0.98, P  < 0.05) and trout enzymes ( r ²=0.94, P  < 0.05) predicted the in vivo digestibility of animal feed ingredients. Alkaline digestion with both enzyme systems (commercial r ²=0.79; trout r ²=0.74, P  < 0.05) or without ( r ²=0.82, P  < 0.05) enzymes predicted the in vivo digestibility of ingredients from animal byproducts but not those from plant products. The in vitro digestibility with two enzyme steps (acid and alkaline) predicted in vivo digestibility of plant and animal ingredients ( r ²=0.79 for commercial enzymes and r ²=0.74 for trout enzymes) better than did one-step acid or alkaline digestion.     

Effect of dietary supplementation with an ethanolic extract of propolis on broiler intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activity

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, weight of gastrointestinal organs, intestinal morphometry and digestive enzyme activity. 1020 male broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomised experimental design to six treatments (EEP supplement levels of 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 ppm) and five replications, and 34 birds per experimental unit. The experimental diets were administered from 1 to 21 days of age, and the birds were subsequently provided a ration based on corn and soybean meal. EEP supplementation from 1 to 7 days negatively affected (p < 0.05) the weight gain and feed intake. The proventriculus weight at 7 days exhibited a quadratic response (p < 0.05), which predicted a lower weight at a dose of 2865 ppm of the EEP. For the duodenum at 21 days of age, the response pattern (p < 0.05) predicted that birds that were fed 2943 and 3047 ppm of the EEP would exhibit an improved crypt depth and villus‐to‐crypt ratio respectively. The villus height, crypt depth and villus‐to‐crypt ratio in the jejunum and the ileum were not affected (p > 0.05). With increased EEP doses, the duodenal sucrase activity linearly decreased at 7 days of age and linearly increased in the jejunum at 21 days of age (p < 0.05), while pancreatic enzyme activity was unaffected (p > 0.05). Although the carcass and cut yields did not improve, the percentage of abdominal fat decreased (p < 0.05). The supplementation of the broiler pre‐starter diet with 1000–5000 ppm of the EEP impaired performance at this stage, most likely due to the decreased sucrase activity. However, the EEP supplementation from 3000 ppm improved intestinal morphophysiology at 21 days of age and did not affect the performance or carcass yield at 42 days of age.     

鲍内脏酶的研究及其应用前景

皱纹盘鲍是我国北方海珍品的主要养殖种类，其特殊的生长习性、营养及药用价值说明它的消化能力强，体内具有活性强的酶。近年来，鲍内脏酶的研究越来越为人们所重视，特别是鲍内脏中的褐藻酸酶、纤维素酶、琼脂酶的研究和应用。本文主要研讨鲍内脏酶的组成、制备法及其应用前景。     

干旱胁迫下Si对甘蔗叶片相对水含量和抗氧化物酶活性的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下不同Si（硅）水平对不同耐旱性甘蔗品种的抗氧化物酶活性的影响,为探索Si提高甘蔗抗旱性的生理基础提供依据。【方法】采用水培法,设置3个施Si浓度（0、0.2、1.7 mmol/L）,经不同PEG-6000胁迫时间（0、18、26、30、40 h）后,测定两个耐旱性甘蔗品种（ROC16和ROC22）甘蔗叶片的相对水含量（RWC）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等保护酶活性。【结果】与对照处理（Si浓度0 mmol/L,PEC-6000胁迫时间0 h）相比,随着胁迫时间的延长不同浓度Si处理的叶片RWC持续下降,POD活性先降后升,CAT活性先升后降,SOD活性则表现为先降后升再降的抛物线式变化趋势。ROC22的抗氧化物酶活性均高于ROC16。【结论】施Si能提高甘蔗叶片RWC及SOD、POD和CAT的活性,且高Si浓度（1.7 mmol/L）比低Si浓度（0.2 mmol/L）效果好。     

23份油菜的抗氧化酶特性及过氧化物同工酶分析

对23份油菜叶片的抗氧化酶活性(SOD、CAT和POD)和丙二醛质量摩尔浓度(MDA)进行测定,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析其过氧化物酶同工酶,明确酶谱的特征及分布,并用聚类分析的方法分析各品种间的亲缘关系。结果表明,在温和的环境中,白菜型油菜相比甘蓝型油菜有更高的抗氧化酶活性和更低的脂质过氧化水平,说明白菜型油菜的抗逆性强于甘蓝型油菜,特别是白菜型油菜的过氧化物酶活性平均值比甘蓝型油菜的10倍还高。POD同工酶分析共发现67条酶带,白菜型和甘蓝型油菜都存在其特征谱带,不同品种在带型分布及显色强度上存在差异。白菜型油菜Largo、Prisma-B和Prisma-Y的p4酶带和甘蓝型油菜类似,表明这3个材料和甘蓝型油菜有较近的亲缘关系。聚类分析表明,在类平均距离4.98处可将23份油菜分为2大类:白菜型油菜和甘蓝型油菜;在类平均距离1.32处,可进一步分为4类。     

Does the aerobic capacity of fish muscle change with growth rates?

To ascertain whether growth rate modifies the oxidative capacity of fish white muscle, we examined the effects of individual growth rate on the activities of four mitochondrial enzymes in white muscle of the fast growing Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua. Growth rates were individually monitored in cod held at three acclimation temperatures during experiments repeated in four seasons. The size dependence of citrate synthase (CS), cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities was established using wild cod ranging from 115 to 17,350 g. Given their negative allometry, CS and CCO activities in the experimental cod were corrected to those expected for a 1.2 kg animal. HOAD activities did not change with size. The specific activities of CCO and CS were positively correlated with growth rate. However, for both enzymes, season explained more of the variability than growth rate or temperature. Season was the only factor to significantly affect the activity of HOAD, while temperature and season interacted to determine glutamate dehydrogenase activity. CS activity was positively correlated with the initial condition of the cod, which differed among the seasons. The other enzymes did not show this relationship. The independent changes of these enzymes suggest that mitochondria undergo qualitative modifications with changes in growth rate, season and size. Although growth rate and the activities of CCO and CS are positively correlated, the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes is more affected by size, physical condition and season.