Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro‐organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre‐treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre‐treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme‐substrate combinations.     

Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake,nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of feeding Atriplex halimus (AH) silage treated with two developed enzyme cocktails to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation. The AH silage was treated without or with 2 L of ZAD1^® or ZAD2^®/1000 kg with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Barley grain (300 g/head/day) was fed as an energy supplement once daily at 10.00 hours and AH silage with or without enzyme treatment was offered ad libitum to animals twice daily at 09.00 and 16.00 hours. Sheep were fed on four experimental forage diets comprised of AH silage and barley (D1), AH silage treated with ZAD1^® and barley (D2), AH silage treated with ZAD2^® and barley (D3) and AH silage treated with a combination of ZAD1^® and ZAD2^® (1:1) and barley (D4). Ensiling AH with enzymes reduced its contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The dry matter intake of AH of D2, D3 and D4 decreased (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. However, enzyme‐treated diets had greater total digestible nutrients intake (P < 0.001) as compared to D1. The nutrients digestibility for D2, D3 and D4 were higher than those for D1 (P < 0.001), and were higher for D3 as compared to both D2 and D4. Sheep fed on D3 had highest (P < 0.001) ruminal total volatile fatty acids concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein yield. It could be concluded that AH silage treated with ZAD1^® or ZAD2^® improved digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep.     

地衣芽孢杆菌对发酵床饲养仔猪生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵床饲养模式下日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能、胰腺和小肠黏膜消化酶活性及肠道主要菌群数量的影响。选用108头体重13kg左右的35日龄健康苏钟猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+40mg/kg杆菌肽锌+20mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素(抗生素组)、基础日粮+300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌(益生菌组)的试验日粮。预试期7d,正试期52d。结果表明:1与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上提高仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量,降低料重比,但各组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。2与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够极显著提高仔猪胰腺中淀粉酶活性、十二指肠黏膜中麦芽糖酶活性和空肠黏膜中乳糖酶活性(P0.01),十二指肠黏膜和空肠黏膜中蔗糖酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。3与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能够显著提高仔猪盲肠芽孢杆菌数量(P0.05);乳酸杆菌数量较对照组提高4.09%,大肠杆菌数量较对照组降低4.86%,但均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,日粮中添加300mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌能够提高发酵床饲养仔猪胰腺、小肠黏膜消化酶活性及盲肠芽孢杆菌数量,同时仔猪生长性能也在一定程度上有所改善。     

Covariation between plant biodiversity and soil systems in a European beech forest and a black pine plantation:the case of Mount Faito,(Campania,Southern Italy)

Both climate and land-use changes,including the introduction and spread of allochthonous species,are forecast to affect forest ecosystems.Accordingly,forests will be affected in terms of species composition as well as their soil chemical and biological characteristics.The possible changes in both tree cover and soil system might impact the amount of carbon that is stored in living plants and dead biomass and within the soil itself.Additionally,such altera-tions can have a strong impact on the detrital food web that is linked to litter decomposition.Although there are studies on the influence of plant diversity on soil physical and chemi-cal characteristics,the effects on soil biological activity and carbon storage processes remain largely unknown.The aim of this study was to investigate and compare chemical and biological variables in covariation with plant communities in an autochthonous beech forest (Fagus sylvatica L.) and a black pine plantation (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp.nigra).Our results confirmed that the two communities were con-siderably different,with the old-growth beech community having a lower number of plant species and the pine com-munity was in development as a consequence of anthropo-genic activities.These aspects of the two communities were also reflected in the soil,with the beech soil having higher nitrogen levels and a more specialized microbial community compared to the pine soil,with most extracellular enzymes(such as peroxidase and chitinase) showing lower activity in the pine soil.     

Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross-resistances were observed between azinphos-methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos-methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed-function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione-S-transferase and reduced non-specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos-methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos-methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non-target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed.     

高温期喷施外源钙对甜瓜幼苗叶片生理特性的影响

【目的】研究不同浓度CaCl₂对秋季大田高温强光下甜瓜苗期的形态变化和生理特性的影响,为秋季大田甜瓜生产苗期管理确定CaCl₂最佳施用浓度、提高甜瓜幼苗的抗逆性和甜瓜全苗、壮苗率提供参考。【方法】以大田主栽品种西州密17号甜瓜为试材,设4个处理,以喷施清水为对照(CK),喷施20、10、5 mmol/L 3个浓度的CaCl₂,测定甜瓜苗期的生理特性指标,分析不同CaCl₂浓度处理对甜瓜幼苗生理特性的影响。【结果】在外界高温条件下,随着幼苗的生长和锻炼,甜瓜叶片可溶性蛋白含量总体呈“缓慢下降-迅速上升-缓慢上升”的三段式“S”曲线变化,叶绿素相对含量始终上升,抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)和MDA含量呈先升后降的趋势;从甜瓜幼苗1叶期至3叶期间可溶蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)和MDA含量显著升高,在3叶期至5叶期之间均迅速下降,5叶期至9叶期之间缓慢下降或一定范围波动。【结论】高温环境下,喷施5 mmol/L CaCl₂,叶绿素相对含量和可溶蛋白含量分别比对照处理高17.70%和23.61%,SOD、POD、CAT活性分别比对照提高115.79%、57.42%、53.52%,MDA含量比对照降低22.13%,提高甜瓜幼苗耐热性效果显著。     

丛枝菌根真菌对茅苍术实生苗生长及根腐病发生的影响

根腐病是目前茅苍术栽培中危害最严重的病害之一。丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）能与90%以上的维管植物互惠共生,对植物土传病害有一定的抑制作用。为明确AMF对茅苍术根腐病的防治效果,试验采用盆栽法研究了Glomus mosseae（Gm）、Glomus intraradices（Gi）和Glomus etunicatum（Ge）3种AMF对1年生茅苍术苗生长及根腐病发生的影响。结果表明：3个AMF接种组的茅苍术苗菌根侵染率由高到低依次为Gm（60.44%）、Ge（55.89%）和Gi（52.33%）;3种AMF均能显著促进茅苍术苗的营养生长,以Ge促生长效果最为显著,但Gm对茅苍术苗地下部分物质积累的促进作用更大,Gm组茅苍术苗地下部分鲜重和干重的菌根依赖性分别达260.34%和285.45%;另外,3种AMF均能降低茅苍术苗根腐病的发生,减轻病情指数,提高其根系抗病相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶的活性,其中G. mosseae和G. etunicatum防治效果较好,防效分别为53.15%和62.94%。AMF能促进茅苍术苗的营养生长,减轻其根腐病害的发生,G. mosseae和G. etunicatum可作为茅苍术根腐病防治的备选生物菌剂进行深入的研究与应用。     

硝化型和异养型生物絮团养殖系统罗非鱼养殖效果和微生物群落结构比较

为了对比硝化型和异养型生物絮团养殖系统的运行效果,实验在硝化组和异养组中养殖吉富罗非(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼51天,对比研究罗非鱼的生长性能、非特异性免疫酶活、消化酶活以及水体和肠道微生物的群落结构。结果显示：两组罗非鱼的成活率和增重率等生长性能指标均无显著性差异。异养组罗非鱼的非特异性免疫酶活显著高于硝化组。硝化组罗非鱼肠道的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均显著高于异养组,异养组的蛋白酶显著高于硝化组。罗非鱼肠道占比前5的优势门均为变形菌门 (Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和衣原体门(Chlamydiae),其中变形菌门是各组中最主要的菌群。硝化型水中占比前4的优势门为变形菌门,绿弯菌门,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes);异养型水中占比前4的优势门为变形菌门,绿弯菌门,拟杆菌门,放线菌门。分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)是是水体和肠道中最主要的潜在致病菌而Diplorickettsiaceae和邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)均保持在较低水平。水体和肠道中除梭菌属(Clostridium)外其余潜在致病菌如气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)等含量水平硝化型组均高于异养型组。     

盐度对金钱鱼幼鱼存活、生长和抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨盐度对金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼存活、生长和抗氧化状态的影响,在6个盐度梯度(淡水和盐度5、10、20、30和35)下,养殖体质量为(6.27±0.28)g金钱鱼幼鱼60 d,统计其存活率及生长情况,测定各盐度下金钱鱼幼鱼肝脏、鳃、肌肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明:金钱鱼幼鱼在盐度为0~35时存活率为97.78%~100%,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。盐度为5时,终末体长、体质量和增重率均达到最大,盐度为35时,终末体长、体质量和增重率最小。盐度5条件下的特定生长率为(0.96±0.01)%,显著高于其他盐度组(P<0.05)。基于特定生长率的二次回归模型拟合,预测体质量为(6.27±0.28)g的金钱鱼幼鱼高效养殖盐度为7.5。淡水组和盐度35高盐组金钱鱼幼鱼肝脏中SOD与CAT活力显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),并且肝脏中的GPx活力和MDA含量也处于较高水平。GST活力与GSH含量在各盐度组间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究揭示:金钱鱼幼鱼在0~35的盐度时具有高存活率,但在低盐环境中生长较快;淡水和高盐环境能引起鱼体内产生一定程度的抗氧化应激。推荐金钱鱼幼鱼养殖盐度为5~10。     

氨基酸硒叶面肥对吐鲁番秋季露地甜瓜叶片早衰生理特性的影响

【目的】研究叶面喷施不同浓度氨基酸硒肥,对新疆吐鲁番秋季露地甜瓜早衰生理的影响,筛选出秋季露地甜瓜早衰延缓和调控技术中氨基酸硒肥的最佳施用浓度和频次。【方法】在吐鲁番秋季露地栽培条件下,以露地甜瓜主栽品种'西州密17号'为试材,从初花期开始设置叶面喷施不同浓度氨基酸硒肥处理,以清水为对照,分析不同浓度氨基酸硒肥对甜瓜叶片的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律及与叶片早衰的关系。【结果】相对于清水对照处理,每隔7 d喷施2 000~2 500倍的氨基酸硒肥6~7次,可以有效延缓叶片在衰老期叶绿素相对含量、可溶性蛋白含量的下降速度,降低MDA的升高,明显提高了抗氧化酶的活性。【结论】喷施2 000~2 500倍氨基酸硒肥是延缓甜瓜叶片衰老比较理想的调控措施。