离子选择电极法测定大田土壤中有效钾和植物组织中钾含量的研究

用阳离子交换树脂膜法提取土壤中有效钾,用离子选择电极法直接测定提取液中钾含量,其测定值与原子吸收测定值间呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９５～０．９９,ｎ＝１８）。油菜新鲜叶片汁液中的钾含量用离子选择电极法直接测定,叶片组织中钾含量与土壤中有效钾含量及油菜干物全钾含量均呈显著正相关。     

基于核酸适配体的阳离子聚合物聚集纳米金比色法检测水中睾酮

利用核酸适配体对睾酮特异性识别功能以及阳离子聚合物PDDA(poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride,PDDA)聚集纳米金特性,建立了一种高灵敏度、高特异性测定睾酮的定量方法。在最优实验条件[10 mmol/L PB缓冲溶液(pH 7.4),孵育温度25℃,6nmol/L PDDA,6nmol/L睾酮核酸适配体]下,体系吸光度比值A_(650)/A_(520)与睾酮浓度C呈良好的线性关系,决定系数R2为0.995。该方法可检测睾酮浓度范围为2.27nmol/L~1.8μmol/L,最低检测限为2.27nmol/L,将本方法应用于检测自来水睾酮含量,加标回收率为99.81%~105.04%。本方法具有检测范围广、成本低、操作简便、检测灵敏等优点,具有良好实际应用前景。     

柚子皮活性炭对阳离子染料吸附性能的研究

用柚子皮为原料制备活性炭,考察柚子皮活性炭(PPAC)对阳离子染料(亚甲基蓝)的吸附效果。基于静态试验结果,PPAC对亚甲基蓝(MB)染料的吸附行为进行等温吸附、动力学及热力学研究。等温吸附试验结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述PPAC对MB的吸附过程。动力学拟合并进行动力学试验结果表明,PPAC对MB染料废水的吸附行为遵循准二级反应速率方程所描述的规律。柚子皮活性炭(PPAC)作为一种价廉、高效的吸附剂材料,在污水处理中具有很好的应用前景,且解决了福建漳州地区柚子皮农林废物处理处置问题。     

纳米纤维素复合物对再生纸性能的影响

以阳离子淀粉(CS)为增强剂,并与纳米纤维素(NC)组成二元增强体系,研究其对旧瓦楞纸箱(OCC)再生纸的增强效果.通过考察阳离子淀粉添加量对旧瓦楞纸箱再生纸主要性能的影响,筛选出合理的用量;在此基础上,通过添加纳米纤维素组成二元增强体系,进一步考察其添加量对旧瓦楞纸箱再生纸主要性能的影响.借助傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR...     

模拟氮沉降对内蒙古典型草地土壤pH和电导率的影响

陆地生态系统氮沉降增加可导致土壤酸化,从而可能造成土壤生态系统结构和功能的退化。依托内蒙古典型草地设置的模拟氮沉降试验,研究了连续6年9个氮添梯度(0、1、2、3、5、10、15、20、50 g m~(-2)a~(-1)),2个氮添加频次(一年两次或一月一次)及2种管理方式(封育或刈割)等4种模式对土壤p H和电导率的影响。结果表明,4种模式下氮添加量3 g m~(-2)a~(-1)以下4个处理间的土壤p H无显著差异,在氮添加量为20 g m~(-2)a~(-1)(与我国粮食作物年施氮量接近)时,土壤p H分别比对照平均降低了1.1~1.9个单位;封育一年两次添加氮素在添加量5 g m~(-2)a~(-1)以上时土壤p H显著下降,而封育每月一次添加氮素在添加量20 g m~(-2)a~(-1)以上时,土壤p H才出现显著下降的现象。4种模式下土壤p H与土壤阳离子交换量及土壤交换性钙呈极显著正相关,说明高量氮添加促进了土壤中盐基离子的耗竭。高量氮添加(50 g m~(-2)a~(-1))显著增加了土壤EC值;除封育每月一次添加氮素处理外,氮添加10 g m~(-2)a~(-1)以下各处理间的土壤电导率(EC)无显著差异;土壤EC值与土壤硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关。研究结果将为我国北方半干旱草地土壤酸化的量化表征及氮素管理提供数据支撑。     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低,氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N标记示踪技术,研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化（树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留）的影响。试验共设4个处理：对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭（N+B）和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理;两个添加外源碳的处理间,N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比,N+S和N+B处理的0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g•cm-3和0.07、0.11 g•cm-3。与CK（18.32 cmol•kg-1）和N（19.61 cmol•kg-1）处理相比,N+S（22.27 cmol•kg-1）和N+B处理（25.35 cmol•kg-1）显著提高了0-10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量,并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低。与CK相比,3个施氮处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比,添加外源碳的两个处理（N+S和N+B处理）显著减少了氨挥发损失量,以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比,3个施N处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的N2O排放量均显著增加,以N+B处理最高,其次为N+S处理,N处理最低,可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加,但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后,N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量（氨挥发+N2O排放）占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失,以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤（0-50 cm）的15N残留量以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低;而深层土壤（50-100 cm）则以N处理最高,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间,N回收率（树体吸收+土壤残留）以N+B处理最高,为42.26%,其次为N+S处理（37.22%）,N处理最低（31.54%）;N损失率以N处理最高,为68.46%。其次为N+S处理（62.78%）,N+B处理最低（57.74%）。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤阳离子交换量,促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮肥的气态损失,提高了氮肥利用率,其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。     

森林土壤表层土的生态毒性评估

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) have been used as wood preservatives (Sites P1 to P9) and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type (Site P10). Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 (Soil P5) to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 (Soil P7), exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 (52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1) where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny). There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site P7, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu²⁺ activity in the soil solution (pCu²⁺). Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 (treatment plant) and P6 (storage of treated utility poles) had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 (high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity) had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu²⁺ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.     

钙信号与MDCK细胞活力的关系

为探讨钙信号与犬肾上皮细胞(MDCK)活力之间的关系,采用MTT比色法观察了特异性钙调素拮抗剂-三氟拉嗪,胞内Ca2+螯合剂-BAPTA/AM以及Ca2+载体-A23187对MDCK细胞活力的影响.结果表明,12.5,25μmol/L三氟拉嗪和15μmol/L的BAPTA/AM作用72 h后分别使MDCK细胞活力降至对照组的51.4%,25.1%和34%,三氟拉嗪与BAPTA/AM对MDCK细胞活力的抑制作用随药物浓度增加和作用时间延长而增强;5μmol/L的A23187对MDCK细胞具有一定程度的刺激效应,但这种刺激效应随时间的延长而减弱;15μmol/L的BAPTA/AM可增强三氟拉嗪对MDCK细胞活力的抑制作用.说明Ca2+-钙调素系统在MDCK细胞生长和增殖过程中发挥重要作用.     

阳离子半纤维素的制备及对纸张的增强作用研究

以三倍体毛白杨硫酸盐法制浆造纸过程中预提取出来的半纤维素为原料,在乙醇-水介质中制备季铵型阳离子半纤维素.讨论了醚化剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等对取代度的影响.结果表明,最佳合成条件为:氢氧化钠用量6%、醚化剂用量30%、乙醇用量50%、反应温度60℃、反应时间3.0h,在此条件下可以得到取代度为0.034的阳离子半纤维素.采用红外光谱对改性前后半纤维素的结构变化进行表征,并使用所合成的阳离子半纤维素作为纸张增强剂,研究了它对纸张的增强作用.研究发现,当阳离子半纤维素的加入量为0.7%(取代度为0.034)时,可显著提高纸张的强度.