基于林分空间结构分析方法的土壤大孔隙空间结构研究

土壤大孔隙的形成和分布具有重要的生态学意义,但尚未有研究者利用生态学方法研究其空间结构。以三峡库区紫色砂岩区的3种典型土地利用类型下的土壤大孔隙为研究对象,将图像处理技术与林分空间结构分析方法相结合,从形态学和生态学角度量化分析土壤大孔隙的空间结构。结果表明:3种土地利用类型的土壤大孔隙形状、空间结构复杂程度高,空间分布格局随土壤深度的增加均呈聚集分布趋势,且深层土壤的大孔隙组成较表层单一,其中草地最明显,大孔隙发育程度均随土壤深度的增加而降低;3种土地利用类型的土壤优先流发育程度由大到小为:草地、果园、农地,同一土地利用类型不同孔径范围的大孔隙所形成的优先路径的连通性、导水性和发育程度由大到小依次为:草地孔径范围[5.0 mm,∞)、[2.5 mm,5.0 mm)、[1.0 mm,2.5 mm)、(0,1.0 mm),农地和果园孔径范围[1.0 mm,2.5 mm)、[2.5 mm,5.0 mm)、(0,1.0 mm)、[5.0 mm,∞);将林分空间结构分析方法与土壤大孔隙位置密度分布、大孔隙变异度和复杂度指标进行对比,并与以往研究土壤大孔隙空间结构的方法进行比较,所得结果相同,证明该方法可以用于土壤大孔隙空间结构的分析和研究。林分空间结构分析方法简单易行,从生态学的角度完善了大孔隙空间结构的分析,弥补了目前基于物理化学方法在大孔隙结构理论分析的不足,进一步揭示了土壤大孔隙空间结构形成和分布的原因。     

矮化中间砧苹果施氮位置对细根分布、氮素吸收和产量品质的影响

为明确矮化中间砧苹果树合理的施肥位置,减少氮肥的浪费。试验于2018年和2019年,以‘烟富3’苹果/SH6/八棱海棠为试材,借助15N同位素示踪技术,研究了萌芽前在树冠投影范围距树干由近及远的3个水平距离——内环、中环和外环施氮对新梢旺长期细根和土壤15N分布、树体15N吸收以及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:各处理的苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)根长密度均在水平方向和垂直方向呈衰减规律,主要分布在距离树干水平方向0~100 cm、垂直方向0~40 cm土层范围;与不施肥(对照)相比,施氮增加了细根根长密度,以施氮区内细根根长密度增加最为显著;从垂直方向0~20 cm土层施氮区细根根长密度增加量来看,内环施氮处理增幅最大,为对照的1.33倍~1.36倍,其次是中环施氮处理。各处理土壤15N含量峰值在水平方向均出现在施氮区域,在垂直方向均出现在0~20 cm土层。不同处理间树体细根根长密度与土壤15N分布空间吻合度(RLD-15N)差异显著,内环施氮处理显著高于中环和外环施氮处理。内环施氮显著提高了新梢旺长期树体新生器官氮素累积量,树体15N利用率表现为内环施氮>中环施氮>外环施氮;内环施氮和外环施氮土壤15N残留率无显著差异,但均高于外环施氮。与外环施氮处理相比,内环施氮处理显著提高了果实产量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,而硬度和可滴定酸含量无显著差异。可见,矮化中间砧苹果内环施氮有利于提高细根根长密度与土壤氮的空间分布吻合度,增加了生长前期新生器官含氮量,提高了树体15N利用效率,提高了果实产量和可溶性糖含量。因此实际生产中成年矮化中间砧苹果树推荐在靠近树干位置的1/3树冠投影面积处,即约为距树干水平距离0~75 cm范围内施氮肥。     

山区城市土地利用空间结构特征分析——以贵州省六盘水市市区为例

利用1990、2000、2010年3个时相的遥感影像对贵州省六盘水市市区土地利用进行监测,运用土地利用类型多样性指数、土地利用程度指数和生态价值,以1 km×1 km网格为统计单元,对土地利用空间结构变化进行分析.结果表明,研究区城市中心及城乡结合部区域的多样性下降,离市中心较近的独立乡镇多样性快速上升,功能转变为城乡结会部；研究区整体土地利用程度不断提高,土地利用程度从市中心向外围逐渐减小,土地利用程度较高的网格逐渐连通；研究区内生态价值较低,生态环境脆弱.20年间土地利用空间结构变化较大,高利用程度、低多样性、低生态效益的网格逐渐相互连通,形成大的斑块,对研究区土地利用景观格局及生态环境造成较大影响.     

Distribution and Dynamics of Phosphorus in an Agricultural Watershed with a Long-Term History of Poultry Waste Application

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of long-term broiler litter application on soil phosphorus (P) and water quality and examine the spatial variations of soil P at a private poultry farm in Mississippi. Results indicated that the littered soil had 86 times more Mehlich III–extractable P in the surface horizon compared to the nonlittered soil. When compared to the runoff from nonlittered soil, mean soluble phosphate (PO₄)-P concentrations in the littered soil's runoff were 85 times greater throughout the study. Mass loss of P from the littered field was significantly greater than from the nonlittered field, and it decreased with each sequential runoff event. There were no linear relationships between the spatial variations of litter application rates and the P spatial variability in the littered soil; however, the variations in soil P levels could be a result of the cumulative effects of more than 20 years of litter application.     

2013年夏季内蒙古干旱-半干旱区两次极端降水事件对比

2013年夏季,内蒙古中西部干旱-半干旱区多次出现极端降水事件,引发气象灾害.为探寻其特征及成因,选择“6·30”、“7·14”两次典型极端降水事件,从天气尺度系统、中尺度对流系统、热力动力条件、水汽来源等方面进行对比分析,得到以下结论:①“6 · 30”暴雨是华北小高压前的切变线产生;“7·14”暴雨是“北槽南涡”与台风北上共同作用的结果.②两次暴雨都是中尺度对流复合体(MCS)发展的结果.“6·30”暴雨突发性强,具有局地特点;“7·14”暴雨具有列车效应,持续时间长.③两次暴雨水汽来源不同.“6·30”暴雨水汽来源于南海;“7.14”暴雨是“北槽南涡”加上远距离台风输送的结果.④“6·30”暴雨是高压切变线西侧干、东侧湿,在锋区附近产生上升运动促发不稳定能量释放;高空“干侵入”是“7·14”暴雨的促发机制.⑤东亚夏季风偏强,西北太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏北,是内蒙古中西部干旱-半干旱区极端降水事件的重要原因.     

林权变更中时空信息分析

分析了林权变更中的时间变化特点,以及随着时间变化林地空间与属性变化情况,在此基础上对林权变更中的时空信息进行组织与管理,实现时空信息管理系统时空查询和历史回溯功能。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

How does industrial agglomeration affect regional innovation? A spatial econometric analysis

This study empirically investigates the direct and indirect (spillover) effects of three types of industrial agglomeration with different cognitive distances, namely, industrial specialization, industrial related variety, and industrial unrelated variety, on regional innovation. Accordingly, we applied the concepts of related and unrelated variety and used spatial econometric analysis. Based on panel data of 283 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2016, the empirical results reveal that both industrial specialization and industrial related variety significantly improve regional innovation and produce positive spatial spillover effects on the surrounding regions. However, industrial unrelated variety has a significant negative impact on regional innovation and produces a negative spatial spillover effect on the surrounding regions. Moreover, the direct and indirect effects of the three types of industrial agglomeration on regional innovation between China's coastal and inland cities. The findings have important theoretical and policy implications.     

基于ARCENGINE空间分析的林业区划界线自动提取方法

使用ARCENGINE的空间分析接口,编程实现林业区划界线的自动提取。与传统方法相比,该方法极大地提高了林业区划界线提取的效率和准确度,且自动化程度高,极易推广。     

Relative Efficiency Evaluation on Water Resource Utilization

Water resource allocation was defined as an input-output question in this paper, and a preliminary input-output index system was set up. Then GEM （group eigenvalue method）-MAUE （multi-attribute utility theory） model was applied to evaluate relative efficiency of water resource allocation plans. This model determined weights of indicators by GEM, and assessed the allocation schemes by MAUE. Compared with DEA （Data Envelopment Analysis） or ANN （Artificial Neural Networks）, the mode was more applicable in some cases where decision-makers had preference for certain indicators