L型木塑构件结构强度特性的研究

将L型构件简化成L型构件模型,并将其连接看作是半刚性节点,通过最大破坏载荷、角应变、抵抗弯矩、等效弹性模量等指标,分析了不同臂长对木塑L型构件结构强度的影响.研究结果表明:臂长对木塑L型构件结构强度的影响显著,且臂长越短,结构强度越大.臂长对连接结构强度也有较大的影响,臂长在150 mm左右时,连接性能最好.     

杉木间伐材压缩密化与回复变定的研究

对杉木间伐材进行高温压缩密化处理,并分析和评价压缩密化后木材的回复变定过程.结果表明:处理材的厚度吸湿回复率为2.68%,具有良好的尺寸稳定性,说明压缩变定效果好.通过试验研究得出蒸煮工序加入软化添加剂CH,能使处理材的回复率大大降低,为低密劣质杉木间伐材压缩密化的性能改良提供依据.     

绿色木霉纤维素酶AS3.3032固态发酵的研究

该研究以麦麸和汽爆蔗渣为主要原料 ,采用绿色木霉AS3 30 32 (Trichodermaviride)固态发酵生产纤维素酶 ,研究了氮源、碳源、表面活性剂、接种方式、培养基含水量、培养温度、培养基起始pH值对绿色木霉产酶活力的影响 .研究结果表明 :①以硫酸铵为氮源 ,其FPA ,CMC ,和 β Gase酶活力均较高 ,每克干曲分别高达 12 2 5FPAU g ,1470 0CMCU g和 119 3β GaseU g ;②碳源以麸蔗比为 3∶2时 ,FPA ,β Gase和CMC酶活力均为最高 ,每克干曲分别高达 138 2FPAU g ,134 6 β GaseU g和 16 0 3 1CMCU g ;③添加 0 1%的Tween 80和 0 5 %～ 0 7%的洗衣粉可分别提高FPA ,β Gase和CMC为 2 3倍、2 8倍、2 3倍和 3 1倍、3 7倍、3 0倍 ;④培养基含水量、培养温度、培养起始pH值分别为 2 5 0 % ,2 8℃和pH3 5 ,产酶活力最高     

PREVIOUS CROPS AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS IN LETTUCE: EFFECTS ON YIELDS AND SOIL PROPERTIES

The use of organic amendments in agriculture could sustain crop production and preserve the agroecosystem, due to their importance in the conservation of organic matter in soil. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of differing organic fertilizers and of previous crops on lettuce growth, nutritional status and yields. The effects on soil characteristics were further investigated. The research was carried out during two years (2006 and 2007) at Metaponto (MT) in southern Italy, on lettuce crops cultivated after eggplant and melon to avoid their continuous cropping. The effects of application of a mineral fertilizer (MF), and of three treatments with organic fertilizers (commercial stable manure - OM; anaerobic digestate based on wine distillery wastewater - AD; composted municipal solid organic wastes coming from the separate collection - MSW) were studied. Head average weight, leaf area index, nitrate content and SPAD readings during the cropping cycles did not show significant differences among fertilizer treatments. On the contrary, marketable yield and head average weight at the harvest presented significantly different among the three organic fertilizers. The average marketable yield and head average weight of organic fertilizers experimental (AD and MSW treatments) decreased of 16 and 17%, respectively, compared to OM treatment. The previous melon crop influenced positively all analyzed parameters of the lettuce compared with previous eggplant crop. The previous melon crop reached the highest marketable yield with an increase of 59% compared with previous eggplant crop. Compared to the mineral fertilizer, the organic ones significantly increased the extracted fraction of soil organic carbon (6.9, 10.7 and 14.9% for OM, AD and MSW, respectively), without significant changes for the humic and fulvic content.     

Assessing solid waste compost application as a practical approach for salt-affected soil reclamation

Abstract

A short-term pot experiment was made to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal solid waste compost amendment on salt-affected soil. Hordeum maritimum plants were cultivated in pots filled with a clay-loam soil containing 0 or 40 t ha^?1 of compost and irrigated with tap water at 0 or 4 g l^?1 NaCl. Soil properties and heavy metal (Zn^{2 +}, Pb^{2 +}, Cd^{2 +}) accumulation were investigated. Municipal solid waste compost application significantly increased the soil contents of carbon, nitrogen and potassium under both non-saline and saline conditions. Soil heavy metal concentrations increased substantially too, but the recorded values were below the toxicity limits. Interestingly, plants subjected to the salt–compost interaction were more vigorous, compared with those grown on non-amended soil. Altogether, our data indicate that short-term utilization of municipal solid waste compost at 40 t ha^?1 may be of potential interest in the perspective of the rehabilitation of salt-affected soils. Yet, it must be stressed that the present findings are preliminary and need to be further evaluated under field conditions before practical recommendations can be inferred.     

Liming and sulfur amendments improve growth and yields of maize in Rubona Ultisol and Nyamifumba Oxisol

Aluminum toxicity is a major limitation to crop production on highly weathered and leached soils in Rwanda. Moreover, sulfur though widely deficient in Rwanda acidic soils has received little attention by soil fertility researchers. A field experiment on maize response and soil nutrients status to liming materials of travertines at 3.4 t ha^?1, ash wood 1.2 t ha^?1 of CaO equivalent and sulfur at 10 kg ha^?1 combined with NPK at 80, 60, and 45 kg ha^?1 respectively was conducted in Rubona Ultisol and Nyamifumba Oxisol. Results revealed that travertine and wood ash increased the soil pH from 4.7 to 5.8 or higher and decreased exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ to near 0 cmolc kg^?1. Soil nutrients generally increased to high or medium ranges for crop production. Leaf dry biomass, plant height and maize grain yields were significantly higher in Rubona Ultisol than in Nyamifumba Oxisol. Plots that received wood ash, with NPKS or with NPK, generally had higher maize yields, followed by those which received travertines and NPKS or NPK which had maize growth response as compared to the control plots which received NPK only. Thereby, a combination of wood ash with NPKS or NPK, travertines with NPKS was found to neutralize soil aluminum toxicity, increase soil nutrients status to required levels for plant growth and increase maize yields significantly.     

云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析

鉴于当前农村生活垃圾的污染日益突出,且云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾的研究尚处于空白,随机选择了该地区9个自然村,通过访问式问卷调查、现场采样、实验室测试等方法,对当地农村生活垃圾的特性、群众对生活垃圾的认知以及参与管理的意愿进行了调研,以期为农村生活垃圾的管理与处理处置提供理论支撑和技术指导。研究表明：云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾产生量为160g·人-1·d-1;主要组分有厨余类、灰土类、橡胶类、纸类和木竹类;垃圾容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物和热值分别为106kg·m-3、39．16％、19．48％、41．37％和7615kJ·kg-1。此外,云贵高原农村地区群众对生活垃圾的污染性认知主要来自于直观感受,对可回收生活垃圾的认知直接受当地废品回收商的影响,对有毒有害生活垃圾的认知不足;群众对生活垃圾处理处置的支付意愿较好,参与生活垃圾保洁和管理工作的意愿较强,该地区已基本具备开展农村生活垃圾管理与处理的群众基础。     

Oxidation and fate of chromium in soils

Abstract

The ammonia electrode method was used to characterize soil organic nitrogen. Amide-N, α-amino-N and hexosamine-N were estimated by measuring the ammonium-N derived from each organic-N with an ammonia electrode after hydrolysis of standard compounds followed by certain treatments. Each organic-N was recovered quantitatively from each standard compound in the presence and absence of soil. Twenty soil samples were analyzed for the above forms of organic nitrogen by both the distillation and electrode methods. The results obtained by the ammonia electrode method for each form of organic nitrogen agreed closely with those obtained by the distillation method. The electrode method was preferred for subsequent soil studies since it is simple and sensitive.     

Application of chromatographic method and high-frequency apparatus for determination of K and Na in soil extract

The amount of K and Na in HCI-extract of soils has been determined by various methods, using the flame photometer, and specific reagents, but none of these methods are fully satisfactory from a view point of cost or accuracy; Poul Porter et al.¹⁾ have pointed out the large errors that have frequently occured in tlamephotometry.     

甲基营养型芽胞杆菌BMF 04固态发酵条件优化及其对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

甲基营养型芽胞杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus BMF 04是本实验室从连云港海域分离纯化得到的对多种植物病原真菌有较强抗菌作用的优良生防菌株。为进一步开发应用该菌株,以细菌总数和芽胞率为指标,通过单因素和响应面试验设计,优化固态发酵培养基配方和发酵条件,采用室内盆栽试验,测定发酵物对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,优化后菌株BMF 04固态发酵培养基配方为豆粕92.5%,菌糠6.7%,硝酸铵0.6%,氯化钠0.2%;发酵条件为pH 7,温度32℃,接种量15%（浓度为10⁸细胞/mL）,料水比1：1,培养时间68 h。优化后,细菌总数可达6.61×10¹⁰细胞/g,芽胞率为90.7%。发酵物与土壤以1：250质量比混和时,能显著提高黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重及根须数,对黄瓜幼苗生长具有明显的促进作用。