广西灌阳县天然阔叶混交林林分空间结构动态分析

该研究以灌阳县天然阔叶混交林为研究对象,通过对灌阳县天然阔叶混交林2005年和2010年2期森林清查数据对比,结合混交度、角尺度、大小比数这3个林分空间结构参数来说明5年期间该地天然阔叶混交林林分结构的变化及特点.分析发现,该地天然阔叶混交林混交度指数呈增大趋势,2期数据林分混交度值波动明显,总体上由弱度混交向中度混交转变.角尺度参数变化较稳定,林木空间分布多为团状分布状态,随林龄增大,其平均角尺度多有降低趋势,林分结构有向随机分布演变的趋势.该地林分在胸径生长大小上的分布状态均为中庸状态,各样地大小比数值波动不大,荷木在胸径生长大小上占据较大优势,主要分布的栎类2010年在胸径生长上的优势有所增加,也均处在中庸分布.总体来说,灌阳县天然阔叶混交林林分有向稳定森林群落发展的趋势,其空间结构还有待进一步优化.     

大豆粒形性状主效QTL、环境互作和上位性检测

【目的】定位大豆粒形性状的主效QTL、环境互作和QTL间上位性。【方法】以栽培大豆晋豆23为母本,半野生大豆灰布支黑豆（ZDD2315）为父本所衍生的447个RIL构建的SSR遗传图谱及混合线性模型分析方法,对3年大豆粒形性状进行主效QTL、环境互作和QTL间上位性检测。【结果】共检测到7个与粒长、粒宽、粒厚以及长宽比、长厚比和宽厚比相关的QTL,分别位于D2、C2、J_2和O连锁群上,其中粒长、长厚比和宽厚比均表现为遗传正效应,说明增加其等位基因来源于母本晋豆23。同时,检测到3对影响粒宽和宽厚比的加性×加性上位性互作效应及其与环境互作的QTL。【结论】主效QTL对粒形性状遗传产生的影响最大,上位性次之,环境互作最小,说明加性效应、加性×加性上位性互作是大豆粒形性状的重要遗传基础。     

混合盐碱对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗期叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用2种中性盐NaC1和Na2 SO4及2种碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2 CO3按不同比例混合成A,B,C,D,E共5个组合,设25,50,100,150 mmol·L-1共4个浓度梯度,模拟出20种不同盐度和碱度的混合盐碱条件处理紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子,测定其发芽率、发芽势和发芽进程,及沙培条件下混合盐碱胁迫对其幼苗叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,旨在探讨混合盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗光合特性的影响.结果表明:除A组外,其他各组的发芽率、发芽势均随着盐浓度的升高而降低;同一浓度下随着碱性盐比例的增加种子萌发进程延缓越明显;随着盐浓度的升高,叶绿素含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,荧光参数PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均呈显著降低趋势(P＜0.05),不同组合之间表现略有差异.     

猪瘟、蓝耳病与猪链球菌混合感染的控制

2013年7月,四川某规模化猪场的种猪发生大量不孕、流产,保育猪也暴发了呼吸道病,笔者前往就诊,并委托四川农业大学实验室进行诊断,其运用RT—PCR与PCR方法针对猪瘟、猪高致病性蓝耳病、猪伪狂犬病和猪圆环病毒病进行了病原检测,同时采用ELISA试剂盒检测了猪瘟、猪蓝耳病和猪圆环病毒病的抗体水平,并作了细菌分离鉴定和药敏试验。结果表明,该场存在CSFV、PRRSV及链球菌混合感染,药敏试验显示：所分离细菌对强力霉素、氟苯尼考和氟哌酸等药物敏感。根据上述诊断采取了隔离、消毒、合理用药、紧急免疫、淘汰等措施,三周时间控制了疫情。     

Reproduction allocation and potential mechanism of individual allelopathic rice plants in the presence of competing barnyardgrass

BACKGROUND: In spite of increasing knowledge of allelopathic rice as an efficient component involved in paddy weed management, relatively little is known about its reproduction in response to competing weeds. Reproduction allocation of individual allelopathic rice plants in relation to monoculture and mixed culture with competing barnyardgrass in a paddy field was studied, along with analyses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to understand the potential mechanism. RESULTS: At a 1:1 barnyardgrass and rice mixture proportion identified from a replacement series study, biomass, grain yield and major parameters of individual allelopathic rice plants at the mature stage were increased by competing barnyardgrass. There was no difference in allelopathic rice root‐zone soil ammonium N and Olsen P between monoculture and mixed culture. However, mixed culture altered soil microbial biomass C and communities. When mixed with barnyardgrass, allelopathic rice root zone had an 87% increase in soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling indicated that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi were affected by mixed culture. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA in different soil samples. CONCLUSION: Allelopathic rice specific changes in soil microbial communities may generate a positive feedback on its own growth and reproduction in the presence of competing barnyardgrass in a given paddy system. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

有机氯农药混合标准溶液配制不确定度评定

标准溶液的配制和稀释所引入的各种因素都可能影响其真实浓度,从而影响检测结果的准确性。评定其中的各种分量不确定度,为提高实验室的质量控制水平、降低分析成本和检测结果的正确性提供保证。本文以实际应用的24种有机氯农药混合标准溶液为例,采用了配制混合标准溶液过程单元操作的不确定度计算方法 (top down法),分析了在配制混合标准溶液过程中的所有影响因素,评定了所引入各种分量的不确度,合成扩展不确定度,得到了最终的扩展不确定度。最终结果显示,稀释过程中由2mL移液管所引入的不确定度贡献最大,表明选择好的移液器具和尽量精准的估读移液器具的刻度是影响标准溶液稀释最重要的因素。     

Interrelationships of Water Quality,Nutrients, and Major Ions in a Stream Draining a Mixed-Use Catchment,NW Spain

Major cations [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K)], anions [nitrite (NO₂), nitrate (NO₃), choride (Cl), sulfate (SO₄)], dissolved copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved phosphorous (DP), total phosphorus (TP), suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and O₂ were analyzed in a small stream draining an agroforestry catchment located in northwest Spain. The mean concentrations found were relatively low compared to global “average” values. The results are consistent with the low population density and the nonintensive agriculture developed in the catchment. The nutrient balance offers relatively low loss rates for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (14.6% and 1.8%, respectively), although losses could have been underestimated by the use of regular sampling. Moreover, soil analysis reveals a possible P accumulation in cultivated fields of the catchment. Correlation analysis shows that components with a greater presence in fertilizers have generally positive correlations between them and with flow values. On the other hand, major ions show a negative correlation with discharge levels because their main sources have a geological origin.     

冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林水化学特征

对冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行测定。结果表明:(1)大气降水经过林冠层后化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn,树干茎流各项指标均增长较多,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn,枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。(2)大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,分别为0.158,0.163。穿透雨中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为0.692;树干茎流中变异系数最大的为Zn元素,其值为0.594;枯透水中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为1.164。(3)经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干茎流和枯透水中Ca、K增加较多,Fe、Mn、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

产乙酸复合菌系Th3培养及其在沼气厌氧发酵中的应用

为有效提高厌氧发酵过程中乙酸转化率和甲烷产量,将CD-2(Clostridium sordellii)、ZY-3(Clostridium bifermentans)和ZQ-1(Clostridium butyricum)3株利用不同底物的产乙酸菌混合培养,人工构建一个高效产乙酸复合菌系Th3,通过试验确定其最佳发酵条件为:初始pH值为7.0-8.0,按ZQ-1、ZY-3、CD-2顺序接种,CD-2:ZY-3:ZQ-1接种比例(体积比)为1:2:1,总接种量6%,30°C静置培养,乙酸产率达0.65g/(L·d)。经过代谢稳定性测定,Th3连续培养10代,乙酸产量维持稳定。复合菌系Th3应用于室内沼气发酵,(26±1)°C,在发酵初期和中期加入复合菌系Th3均能显著提高沼气日均产气量和产气率,初期添加可缩短发酵启动时间2～3d。在发酵末期加入复合菌剂对整个发酵产气过程没有显著影响。该研究不仅为构建高效微生物菌剂、提高厌氧发酵效率和发酵过程优化提供基础参数,而且表明该复合菌在沼气生产中有一定的应用价值。     

棉秆还田和有机无机复混型肥料对蕾期棉花生长及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探索不同施肥方式对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地棉花生长的影响,在该区域内通过田间小区试验研究了3种施肥方式（常规施肥、常规施肥+棉秆还田、有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田）和3种棉秆还田量（10 t/hm2、15 t/hm2、20 t/hm2）对蕾期棉花农学性状、干物质积累、叶片SPAD值和氮肥利用率等的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥处理相比,棉秆还田和有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田的相关处理对蕾期棉花的农学性状有改善效果,两类处理均增加了棉花株高、分枝数和茎干重,但对棉花根长的影响不明显,除了低量棉秆还田(10 t/hm2)处理外,其他处理均增加了棉花蕾数;棉秆还田和有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田施肥类型的中、高棉秆还田量（15 t/hm2和20 t/hm2）处理促进了棉株叶片和整株的干物质累积,同时促进了氮素向棉花叶片和蕾的转移;有机无机复混型肥+棉秆还田处理提高棉株的氮肥利用率达16.77%~23.39%,与常规施肥处理差异达显著水平(P<0.05);蕾期棉花叶片的SPAD值与叶片的含氮量、棉花的氮肥利用率均呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.6088和0.5879。