不同酯酶型球孢白僵菌株系及相同酯酶型株系经寄主转移后毒力变化的研究

对12个酯酶型的16株白僵菌进行了毒力生物测定.结果表明,不同酯酶型株系对松毛虫的毒力差异显著,LT50可相差数倍;同一酯酶型株系经不同寄主转移后,其毒力也发生了较明显的变化.如从松灰象甲上分离出的不同酯酶型的2株白僵菌[MGS980404-21(酯酶型05),MGS980510-06(酯酶型06)]和人工释放的酯酶型02菌株Bb13毒力都很高,而从松灰象甲分离出的与释放菌株属同一酯酶型的另一个菌株MGS980507-34,毒力虽然很低,但却是林间最常见的流行菌株.上述结果理解为白僵菌在林间的宿存,尤其是它在松毛虫低虫口状态下能在林间长期宿存不绝的原因,以及对于从林间采集筛选高毒菌株提供了可能.     

杜仲酯酶同工酶地理递变及生长预测的研究

本文对38个杜仲无性系进行了酯酶同工酶与不同地理种源及胸径生长量的相关分析发现:酯酶同工酶存在明显的地理递变;酯酶一级酶带数量与杜仲年均胸径生长量呈正相关。     

鱼类肝脏酯酶的同工酶构成及其对磷酸三苯酯和马拉氧磷的敏感性

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分离了麦穗鱼 (Pseudorasbora p arva)、金鱼 (Carassius auratus)、尼罗罗非鱼 (Tilapja nilotica)、食蚊鱼 (Gambusia affinis)、虹鳟 (Salmo gairdneri)等五种鱼的肝脏酯酶的同工酶 ,以乙酸α-萘酯为底物测定了它们的活性。在麦穗鱼、金鱼、尼罗罗非鱼体内发现两条酶带 ,在食蚊鱼和虹鳟体内发现一条酶带。离体抑制率实验表明 ,五种鱼肝脏内均含有对磷酸三苯酶敏感的酶带 ,而对马拉氧磷敏感的酶带只存在于麦穗鱼、金鱼、尼罗罗非鱼体内。酯酶同工酶分布型的意义及与马拉硫磷选择毒性的关系在本文中进行了讨论。     

多杀菌素对甜菜夜蛾多酚氧化酶和羧酸酯酶的影响

报道了多杀菌素对甜菜夜蛾Spodopetera exigua(Hübner)多酚氧化酶(PPO)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的影响, 多杀菌素对甜菜夜蛾表现了很高的毒力,对三龄幼虫的LC50值为0.80 mg/L。离体条件下,1.0×10-3~0.5 mg/L多杀菌素对甜菜夜蛾多酚氧化酶的抑制率超过50％,且表现为随药剂浓度的增加抑制能力增强的趋势。活体条件下,0.1~0.8 mg/L多杀菌素在处理的早期诱导虫体内多酚氧化酶的活性增加,但12 h后却显著抑制多酚氧化酶的活性。1.0×10-3~1.0 mg/L多杀菌素在离体条件下对羧酸酯酶不表现任何抑制作用,但活体条件下同样能诱导虫体内羧酸酯酶活性增强。     

Avian whole‐brain spheroid cultures: applications in pesticide toxicity

The adult hen is the species of choice when assessing the potential of organophosphate compounds (OPs) to evoke OP‐induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). OPIDN has been shown to depend on the irreversible covalent binding of certain OPs to the enzyme neuropathy target esterase (NTE). Levels of this enzyme in human brain are similar to those in avian species. We have previously shown that the hen embryo whole brain spheroids are histotypically similar to adult brain and express measurable levels of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and NTE, the key enzymes in mechanisms of OP toxicity. Single‐cell suspensions were prepared from meninges‐free 7 day in ovo hen brains. Cells were grown in serum‐free media and incubated on an orbital shaker at 37 °C in 5% carbon dioxide humidified air. Spheroids can be maintained long‐term in culture and allow the effects of repeated dose and recovery studies to be conducted. Hen embryo brain spheroids were exposed to varying concentrations of tri‐o‐cresyl phosphate, leptophos and its metabolite leptophos oxon at day 14 in vitro and the effects on the activity of AChE and NTE measured. Whilst current legislation regarding toxicity testing of OPs requires the use of animals, our in vitro model provides a potential pre‐screen for novel chemical entities and commercial OP mixture variants. Such an approach should refine and reduce the number of animals used in development of new materials. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

黄颡鱼雌、雄个体血清蛋白、酯酶同工酶及血红蛋白的电泳分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直板(PAGE)电泳,对黄颡鱼雌、雄个体血清蛋白、酯酶同工酶(EST同工酶)及血红蛋白(Hb)进行了分析。结果表明：黄颡鱼雌、雄个体的血清蛋白存在明显差异,表现在B1区雄性个体比雌性个体多1条MI带,B2区雌性个体比雄性个体多1条MA带,少2条MⅡ带,B3区雄性个体比雌性个体多1条MA带。另外在B2区雌、雄个体间MA带和MI带排列次序也有差异。血清EST雌、雄个体也有明显的差异,雄性黄颡鱼血清EST的酶谱出现了3条酶带无中强带,而雌性黄颡鱼EST的酶谱出现了7条酶带,有4条中强带。雌、雄个体胁只能分离出1条谱带,并且雌、雄之间基本没有差异。     

酯酶在根结线虫分类上应用的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对采自我国14个省市的5种根结线虫(Meloid-ogyne spp.),共47个样本作了正向极酯酶的分析;并研究了一些可能影响测定的因素。结果表明,根结线虫种间的酯酶谱存在明显而稳定的特异性,在种内也是稳定的。对接种寄主、样本来源、生理小种、室内培养与田间自然寄生、营养等不同条件下的对比分析表明,它们均不影响种的特征性酶谱。因此将酯酶作为根结线虫分类的辅助手段是有意义的。但线虫的发育阶段不同,酯酶谱有差异。采用产卵期的雌成虫进行分析则简便、可靠。     

Comparative virulence of Infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) surveillance in the Bay of Fundy has identified the existence of a large number of genetically distinct ISAV isolates which appear to be of variable virulence. Genetically distinct isolates are currently being designated based on sequencing of the hyper polymorphic region (HPR) of genomic segment 6, which encodes the haemagglutinin–esterase protein, but it has been difficult to elucidate a clear association between these molecular variations and variations in virulence. This has hampered the establishment of proactive management decisions regarding infected fish, and ISAV infections, regardless of type, must be treated as one. Field data of ISAV infections is difficult to collect and to compare between infections because of a wide range of confounding factors including time of year, fish stock, cage site location, mitigating factors and stressors. An important tool in determining the relationship between molecular differences and virulence comes from analysis of quarantine studies. The goal of this study was to compare the virulence, by co-habitation and intraperitoneal injection, of four regionally common and recent ISAV isolates in a controlled environment. We found significant differences in mortality between ISAV molecular isolates, and present data showing that survival of ISAV infection confers significant resistance to re-infection with a different ISAV isolate. These findings, if borne out in field studies, will significantly alter the way ISAV infections are managed in the Bay of Fundy and elsewhere.     

不同年限设施菜地番茄细胞壁果胶Cd累积的研究

为探讨不同种植年限和设施菜地番茄细胞壁果胶Cd累积的关系,以种植年限为2年和14年设施菜地番茄为研究对象,测定了不同种植年限下番茄茎、叶细胞壁果胶含量,并对细胞壁果胶含量、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性与种植年限及Cd累积量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,番茄植株各器官Cd累积量均有所增加;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中Cd累积量比种植2年的增加了24.55%,叶片中Cd累积量增加了45.96%;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎细胞壁Cd累积量增加了61.86%,叶片细胞壁Cd累积量增加了57.46%;不同种植年限设施菜地番茄茎和叶细胞壁果胶Cd含量也存在极显著差异(P0.05)。另外,随着种植年限的增加,番茄茎、叶细胞壁果胶含量和PME活性随之升高:与种植2年相比,种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中果胶含量提高了104.51%,叶片果胶含量提高了127.45%;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中PME活性提高了10.56%,叶片PME活性提高了9.39%。果胶含量及PME活性和细胞壁Cd累积量呈正相关。研究发现不同年限设施菜地土壤全Cd和有效Cd含量有所不同,影响着番茄不同器官果胶含量及PME活性,说明细胞壁果胶在缓解番茄Cd毒害中起着一定的作用。     

嗜热子囊菌JCM12803来源的阿魏酸酯酶FAE-2515酶学性质研究

阿魏酸酯酶广泛应用于食品、药品、饲料及造纸等行业,挖掘适用于工业化的阿魏酸酯酶至关重要。从嗜热真菌Thermoascus crustaceus JCM12803中克隆得到一个阿魏酸酯酶基因FAE-2515,经基因序列分析,FAE-2515 cDNA全长为1 581 bp,编码526个氨基酸和1个终止子,理论分子量大小为57 kDa,等电点为5.08。将FAE-2515成功地在毕赤酵母中实现高效异源表达,通过对重组蛋白进行酶活测定,比活为（53.653±3.451）U/mg,Kcat/Km值为1.423,最适pH为6.0,最适温度为55℃,60℃处理1 h之后还能保持60%的酶活,热稳定性较已报道的同类酶更为稳定。以阿魏酸甲酯为底物时酶活表现为最高,以硝基苯棕榈酸酯为底物时几乎没有酶活。金属离子K+、Ca2+、Na+对该酶有显著的促进作用,Fe3+、Zn2+对该酶有轻微抑制作用,Mn2+、Cu2+对该酶有显著的抑制作用。综上,该酶在造纸工业和动物饲料制备工业中具有一定优势。