Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.     

Resistance to the gall mite and American gooseberry mildew in black currants in relation to season of leafing out

Summary In black currant (Ribes nigrum) backcross progenies segregating for resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis Westw. (gene Ce from Ribes grossularia L.), and to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk. (gene Sph ₃from R. glutinosum), significant differences in season of leafing out occurred between the resistant and susceptible classes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that two additive genes, Lf ₁and Lf ₂, controlled season of leafing out and that Ce and Sph ₃ were linked with Lf ₁.     

Genetic analysis and pyramiding of two gall midge resistance genes (Gm-2 and Gm-6t) in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) is a major pest across much of south and southeast Asia. This pest is genetically diverse and many gall midge biotypes are known to exist in each country. During the last three decades, host plant resistance has proved to be the most effective mechanism of controlling the Asian rice gall midge. Seven genes conditioning resistance to gall midge larvae have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa) and are being used in cultivar improvement programs. However, some of these genes are rendered ineffective by new gall midge biotypes. Increased understanding of genetics, inheritance, allelic relationships and linkage is necessary to maximise the durability of major gene resistance by the pyramiding of these genes. The two genes, Gm-2 and Gm-6(t), are known to confer resistance against a number of biotypes in India and China, respectively. An F₃ population derived from a cross between Duokang #1 (donor of Gm-6(t)) and Phalguna (donor of Gm-2) was screened against Chinese gall midge biotype 4 at Guangdong, China, and Indian gall midge biotype 1 at Raipur, India. At each location, separately,a single gene governed resistance. The parallel segregation of 417 F₃progenies for both biotypes at two locations revealed that recombination had occurred between the two genes, establishing that the two genes are not allelic. However, the two genes Gm-2 and Gm-6(t), were found to be linked with a distance of ∼16.3 cM. A number of lines homozygous at one locus and segregating for the other locus were identified and selected. These lines were selfed to obtain lines homozygous for the favourable alleles at both loci (two locus pyramids). This is the first report on use of conventional host-pest interaction method for pyramiding two closely located Gm-resistance loci of dissimilar effects. The implications of deployment of these pyramids within and across country borders, with reference to the prevailing gall midge populations are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种新的竞争指标——树冠影响度

可变竞争区域类竞争指标根据对象木某个描述型指标函数确定竞争区域;而树冠在树木的生长过程中具有重要的作用,并且反映了树木的长期竞争水平,根据这两种思想提出一种新的竞争可变区域类竞争指标——树冠影响度。采用典型选样法设置研究样地,并对样地内树种的各个测树因子进行调查统计,应用树冠影响度对数据进行分析讨论,结果显示:样地树种平均树冠影响度为0.359 4,样地中群落竞争相对较弱,群落结构相对稳定,其中马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的树冠影响度最小,为0.261 3;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的树冠影响度最大,为0.510 1。优势种群树种平均树冠影响度小于非优势种群树种,优势种群受到的竞争较小,竞争能力较强,针叶树种平均树冠影响度小于阔叶树种树种,针叶树在群落中处于优势地位。     

Vegetative Growth,Yield and Leaf Mineral Composition in Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa DUCH. CV. Pajaro) as Influenced using Nickel Sulfate and Urea Sprays

In this study, interactions of nickel sulfate and urea sprays on vegetative growth, yield and leaf mineral contents in strawberry were investigated. Rooted Pajaro strawberry plants were potted in 3 liter pots filled with soil, leaf mold and sand (1:1:1, v/v/v). Established plants were foliar sprayed with nickel sulfate at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L^?1 and urea 0 and 2 g L^?1 concentrations. Results indicated that nickel (Ni; 300 mg L^?1) plus urea (2 g L^?1) significantly increased the yield and runner numbers. Nickel sulfate at the rate of 300 and 150 mg L^?1and urea (2 g L^?1) significantly increased the crown numbers. The greatest root fresh and dry weights were obtained from untreated plants. Urea at 2 g L^?1 without nickel significantly increased shoot fresh and dry weights. Nickel at 450 mg L^?1 without urea significantly increased Ni concentration in leaves. Overall, nickel sulfate at 150 and 300 mg L^?1 along with urea at 2 g L^?1 were the best treatments.     

不同饲料配方对熊取胆量和养分消化率的影响

本实验应用分期实验的方法，对6头约8岁左右的黑熊进行了两种不同饲料配方对其产胆量和消化率影响的初步研究，实验结果表明：在消化率方面，实验组较对照组的消化率有很大的提高，尤其是日粮中粗纤维和磷的消化率较对照组差异显著（P＜0.05），日粮中粗脂肪的消化率较对照组差异极显著（P＜0.01）；在胆法产量和干粉率方面，由于5月份正值熊的发情季节，同时恰逢冬眠推迟的延续期，采食量下降，胆汗产量和干粉率较对照组（1999年3月）略有下降，但与去年同期（1998年5月)的对照组相比较，确实有一定程度的增长。     

I-72杨树冠特性与生物量相关性研究

分析安徽省安庆市长江外滩地18年生I-72杨树冠特性与生物量的相关性。结果表明,冠幅与生物量呈一元线性相关;冠长与生物量为指数相关;冠形率与生物量也呈指数相关,但相关系数较低;冠幅垂直投影面积与单株生物量呈对数相关;叶干重、单株叶面积与单株生物量为一元线性相关。受造林密度、林分立地条件的影响,树冠特性因子与生物量的相关模型在两种密度的林分中基本相同,但其响应系数略有不同。在树冠特性指标中,叶面积、叶干重与生物量的回归模型能较好地反映二者的变化关系。     

朗德鹅胆中有机酸酯类成分的GC-MS分析

朗德鹅胆经乙醇浸提得醇提物,然后经石油醚萃取,硅胶柱层析分离得到白色油状组分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行了组成及相对含量分析。气相色谱共检测出13个峰,经与质谱标准谱图比较,鉴定出其中9种化学成分,含量较高的为油酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、硬脂酸乙酯、十六碳烯酸乙酯,相对含量分别为57.11%、25.24%、6.49%、3.33%,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的65.84%。     

杉木人工林树冠最大重叠系数及适宜经营密度的研究

本文在证明了开化县不同立地条件下松木胸径与冠幅相关规律无显著差异的基础上,建立了全县杉木胸径与冠幅的回归模型InCw=-0.2538 0.48221nD,R=0.9972,S=0.0480,并以此确定了杉木林分处于不同径阶时的基本经营密度指标。通过分析,本文提出了一种估计杉木林树冠最大可重叠系数K值的方法,修正了以往对K值估计偏小的现象。运用该K值计算了杉木人工林的饱和密度,并由此推导出了不同立地条件下郁闭度分别为0.6,0.7,0.8和0.9时的杉木经营密度指标。     

鸡胆囊的交感传入神经元定位研究

选用体重1．5～2．5kg的成年母鸡6只，将CT—HRP溶液注入胆囊壁，动物存活3～4d后，经左心室灌流固定，取胸、腰和荐段各脊神经节，制成50gm的连续冰冻切片，TMB法呈色反应，置明视野显微镜下观片统计。结果发现：支配鸡胆囊的交感传入神经元胞体位于T2～T7脊神经节，其峰值位于T6脊神经节。