国外农业生物材料研究中的力学试验

本文综述了近30年来国外农业生物材料研究中的力学试验及其主要成果,对农业现代化、农业机械设计、机械化收获、加工、运输、提高产量、评价农产品等方面均有意义。     

苹果蠕变特性与静载损伤机理的研究

在描述苹果蠕变现象四元件Ｂｕｒｇｅｒｓ模型的基础上，建立了四元件五参数模型，研究了静载损伤与所受载荷、作用时间、变形量之间的关系，提出了苹果蠕变损伤的主要原因是其变形量超出了临界变形值，并且模型的粘弹性系数与损伤体积有着显著的线性相关关系。     

Stress Measuring during the Construction Monitoring of Weisheng River Bridge in Guangzhou

In this paper,the simulation calculation of Weisheng River Bridge was firstly conducted.Based on it,the measuring points and methods for stress measuring and calculation approach for real stress were introduced.The measured results matched the calculated results very well.Stress measuring during the construction monitoring can serve as references and guides of the structural situations during the different bridge construction process.     

Nonlinear Creep Damage Model of Water Bearing Carbonaceous Slate and Its Application

Triaxial compression rheological experiments on carbonaceous slate specimens of deep buried tunnel were carried out on the rock rheology testing machine. Along with the increase of loading stress level and the improvement of moisture conditions, the initial attenuation creep phase, the stabilization creep phase, and the speedup creep phase were produced. By connecting Burgers model and the nonlinear viscoplastic body consisted of nonlinear viscous component η(n,t) parallel connected with the plastic component in series, the improved model could describe the speedup creep phase. Using this model to fit and analyze the rheological parameters of different moisture conditions, it is shown that η〖KG0.005mm〗 M、E M、E K and η〖KG0.005mm〗 Kwill decrease with negative exponential trend. Then water damage D(w) was introduced, and through deriving damage evolution equation, the nonlinear viscoelasticplastic model with water damage effect was established. Finally, the time effect deformation of surrounding rock under different times and different moisture conditions was studied by numerical simulation, and the results show that primary support should close in 168 h, and the best construction time for secondary lining is 360 h after the primary support is closed.     

Numerical Simulation on Whole Construction Process of High-Rise CFST Structures

The time-changing analysis model for concrete filled steel tubes was established based on the time-changing concrete model of CEB-FIP MC90, in which the interaction between steel tube and concrete core was considered by the restraint conditions of master and slave nodes. The numerical simulation method was developed for analyzing the whole construction process of high-rise CFST structures. A real structure was taken as numerical example, in which the influence of concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process was considered. The results of numerical simulation are compared with those obtained from on-site monitoring. It is shown that the concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process have big influence on high-rise CFST structures, which should be taken into account in designs and constructions.     

竹材的拉伸短期蠕变行为及模拟

基于勃格(Burger)四元件流变模型,运用Origin8.5自定义函数拟合毛竹在15%～60%应力水平下5.5 h内拉伸短期蠕变实验数据。结果表明:随应力水平的增大,竹材的拉伸弹性应变及占蠕变总量比例增大,黏弹性应变范围为0.15%～0.31%,其占蠕变总量比例趋于减小;黏性应变范围为0.14%～0.81%,其占蠕变总量比例亦趋于减小。随着应力保持时间的延长,弹性应变无显著变化,但其占蠕变总量比例则减小;黏弹性应变趋于增大,而其占蠕变总量比例则趋于减小,黏性应变及占蠕变总量比例增大。在竹材拉伸应力15%～60%范围内,勃格模型可用来模拟竹材拉伸的短期蠕变行为。     

Effect of feeding sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) to sows during mid‐lactation on plasma prolactin and litter performance

Diets containing 3% sorghum ergot (16 mg alkaloids/kg, including 14 mg dihydroergosine/kg) were fed to 12 sows from 14 days post‐farrowing until weaning 14 days later, and their performance was compared with that of 10 control sows. Ergot‐fed sows displayed a smaller weight loss during lactation of 24 kg/head vs. 29 kg/head in control sows (p > 0.05) despite feed consumption being less (61 kg/head total feed intake vs. 73 kg/head by control sows; p < 0.05). Ergot‐fed sows had poorer weight gain of litters over the 14‐day period (16.6 kg/litter vs. 28.3 kg/litter for controls; p < 0.05) despite an increase in consumption of creep feed by the piglets from the ergot‐fed sows (1.9 kg/litter compared with 1.1 kg/litter by the control; p > 0.05). Sow plasma prolactin was reduced with ergot feeding after 7 days to 4.8 μg/l compared with 15.1 μg/l in the control sows (p < 0.01) and then at weaning was 4.9 μg/l compared with 8.0 μg/l (p < 0.01) in the control sows. Two sows fed ergot ceased lactation early, and the above sow feed intakes, body weight losses with litter weight gains and creep consumption indirectly indicate an ergot effect on milk production.     

穴盘水稻秧苗茎秆蠕变与应力松弛特性的试验研究

为深入了解穴盘水稻秧苗茎秆拉伸过程中的力学特性,该文利用微控电子万能试验机对穴盘水稻秧苗茎秆常规拉伸、蠕变与应力松弛特性进行测试与分析。试验表明:常规拉伸一般有2次断裂,1次断裂前,应力-应变为线性关系,没有明显的屈服过程,且平均断裂应力大小随加载速率的增加而呈线性增加;拉伸蠕变和应力松弛过程分别利用伯格斯四元件模型和麦克斯韦五元件模型进行描述。通过对曲线进行拟合,得到相关的模型参数,基于选用的流变模型和本构方程,结合秧苗茎秆的生物体特点,分别对蠕变速率、蠕变柔量和应力松弛速率、应力松弛时间进行分析,结果表明:蠕变和应力松弛过程都是弹性动力与黏滞阻力之间彼此牵制的过程;蠕变过程产生与蠕变时间和初始应力呈正相关的塑性应变,应力松弛过程导致茎秆大分子链发生变化,均对秧苗茎秆造成一定损伤;秧苗茎秆内部含有柔嫩与粗壮2种组织结构。研究结果可为秧苗机械拔取的损伤评估和相关仿真分析提供参考。     

‘红富士’苹果蠕变特性与果实品质的相关分析

【目的】分析‘红富士’苹果整果蠕变特性与其质构特性和营养成分的相关性,探索利用蠕变特性参数检测‘红富士’苹果营养成分含量和质地品质的可行性。【方法】测定不同贮藏期‘红富士’苹果样品的蠕变特性、质地多面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)各项指标及营养成分含量;确定蠕变模型,探讨蠕变模型参数与苹果TPA指标和营养成分含量的相关性;建立蠕变参数预测‘红富士’苹果品质的数学模型,并对其进行验证。【结果】四元件伯格斯模型可以很好地描述‘红富士’苹果整果的蠕变特性,模型拟合的决定系数达到0.982。苹果的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸度、Vc含量、硬度、内聚性、耐咀性和回复性与延迟弹性系数E2和黏性系数η1达到极显著正相关(r=0.56—0.94);可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸度与黏性系数η2呈极显著负相关(r=-0.40,r=-0.45),Vc含量与黏性系数η2呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.34);而苹果的弹性和黏性与蠕变四参数均未表现出显著的相关性。建立的苹果可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸度、Vc含量、硬度、内聚性、耐咀性和回复性预测模型的相关系数分别为0.939、0.922、0.881、0.917、0.594、0.857和0.584,且均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。模型对验证集的预测值与实测值间无显著差异,相关系数分别为0.929、0.917、0.875、0.920、0.628、0.824和0.633。【结论】‘红富士’苹果蠕变特性与质构特性和营养成分含量有密切的相关性。建立的苹果可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸度、Vc含量、硬度和耐咀性的预测模型具有较高的拟合精度,可以实现用蠕变参数来预测‘红富士’苹果品质。     

早龄混凝土的压缩与拉伸徐变及其研究现状

早龄混凝土的拉伸、压缩徐变规律及其结构徐变应力计算方法是对早期裂缝进行有效预测并控制的关键。既有的徐变研究主要侧重于成熟混凝土,而早龄混凝土徐变相关的科学研究还有待进一步深入。对早龄混凝土的压缩和拉伸徐变研究成果、测试方法及其徐变应力计算方法进行了详细综述。研究表明：目前混凝土早龄期拉伸、压缩徐变试验测试尚无规范可循,相关试验数据较为缺乏;混凝土早龄期徐变预测模型基本未考虑其在低应力水平下的非线性性质;早龄混凝土结构非线性徐变应力理论分析方法亦不尽完善。基于系统试验研究和固化徐变理论建立混凝土非线性徐变理论模型,对早龄混凝土结构采用同时考虑受拉和受压不同应力松弛特性的非线性徐变应力理论计算方法,应可提高早龄结构的有限元仿真精度。