我国不同奶业产区规模化牧场饲料结构分析

在奶牛养殖规模化水平不断提高,养殖成本日益增加,且区域间差异明显的背景下,饲料作为奶牛养殖主要投入品,了解其在规模化牧场生产成本中的结构对于优化奶牛日粮结构、降低养殖成本、缩小区域间养殖效益差距等具有重要意义。本文利用2018—2020年规模牧场月度调研数据,分析了我国规模化牧场饲料结构情况。研究发现,大城市周边产区和南方产区的精饲料和粗饲料的比例相对更加科学,华北产区仍有较大提升空间,并且玉米、豆粕、玉米青贮和苜蓿草在日粮中占有较大比重,达到84.62%;不同产区奶牛日粮结构具有明显差距,玉米青贮和苜蓿草在西北产区占比最高,玉米和豆粕在南方产区占比最高。注重发挥区域优势,加大优质粗饲料和可替代饲料的利用,有利于降低养殖成本,提高养殖的科学性和可持续性。     

河北省粮—饲平衡发展现状及对策建议

“粮改饲”政策推行以来,通过农业结构调整,实现了奶业振兴。伴随全球新冠肺炎疫情反复发生,粮食安全问题再次进入了公众视野,进而引发一个值得深思的问题：如何在保证粮食安全的前提下,实现草畜平衡,增加肉、蛋、奶市场供给,优化居民膳食营养结构。为此,以河北省为研究对象,深入分析粮食与饲草种植及市场供求。目前来看,河北省粮食种植面积在“红线”以上,饲草生产无法满足省内养殖业需求,同时,城乡居民对肉、蛋、奶的摄入仍未达到膳食营养标准。为优化农业种植结构及居民营养结构,提出推广新型种植模式、加强政策引导、创新生产技术等一系列措施,推动河北省粮—饲平衡发展。     

Socio-spatial organization reveals paternity and low kinship in the Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba) in Costa Rica

Ectophylla alba is a tent-making bat that roosts in mixed-sex clusters comprising adults and offspring. Our goal was to determine the genetic identity of individuals belonging to different roosting groups. We tested the hypothesis of kin selection as a major force structuring group composition. We used 9 microsatellites designed for E. alba to determine the genetic identity and probability of parentage of individuals. We analyzed parentage and kinship using the software ML-Relate, GenAIEx, and Cervus. The obtained relationship probabilities (0.5) revealed a clear maternal relationship between female adults and offspring with allele compatibility, and at least 5 relationships between male adults and pups. We found a low degree of relatedness within roosting groups. Between roosting groups at different sites, the mean probability of a half-sibling relationship ranged from 0.214 to 0.244 and, for full-sibling relationship, from 0.383 to 0.553. Genetically, adult individuals were poorly related within clusters, and kinship as an evolutionary force could not explain group membership.     

内蒙古贺兰山马鹿的种群数量及种群结构

为了掌握内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的种群数量和种群结构,维护内蒙古贺兰山的生态平衡。于2017年11—12月,2018年4—6月、11—12月,2019年4—6月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内,利用样线法对保护区内的马鹿进行调查,采用Distance R进行数据分析,估测种群数量和种群密度,并对种群结构进行探讨。研究发现,马鹿在2018年冬季种群数量最高约为2452(1678—3578)只,种群密度为3.705(2.539—5.048)只/km²,遇见率为1.943只/km。遇见率年际间变化不明显(F=0.12,P=0.986);混合群出现的次数最高,雄性群出现的次数最低,不同集群类型在不同季节的差异极显著(P<0.001);群大小在不同季节的差异不显著(P=0.132);雌雄比在不同季节中没有太大变化。     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.     

3D打印技术在水利水电工程施工中应用研究

对3D打印技术进行应用研究,阐述其精度、强度和速度等关键性能指标合理性,能够有效避免特殊形式结构部位的施工带来的成本、工期及质量问题,增加工程效益,并对溢流堰面特殊部位计算表面曲线轮廓,进行实验3D打印,最后总结3D打印在水利水电工程施工中的优势。     

水电站进水塔结构分析方案研究

水电站进水塔结构的安全直接关系到整个电站的安全和效益。采用三维有限元法分别建立了实体单元模型和梁单元与实体单元混合模型,开展了静、动力分析研究,对两种模型的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,水电站进水塔采用两种模型计算的结果呈现出相同的规律。水电站进水塔结构分析可采用以实体单元模拟的成果作为结构分析的基础,在前部拦污栅框架部分的内力分析和配筋计算上以梁系与实体联合模拟的成果作为有效补充,为工程设计提供更为科学合理的参考依据。     

基于ANSYS的永磁电机转子冲片结构的优化设计

运用ANSYS的优化设计模块对永磁电机转子冲片隔磁桥附近的结构进行优化设计,采用APDL参数化设计通过拓扑形状优化功能确定冲片优化的初始区域,在此基础上运用尺寸优化功能确定最优的形状尺寸参数,最终结合工程化要求确定转子冲片的施工结构尺寸。电机最后通过最高转速试验表明文章运用的结构优化设计方法切实可行,满足工程化生产要求。     

制种玉米密度对土壤水分及产量构成的影响研究

通过田间试验,就制种玉米密度对土壤水分、农艺性状、产量构成及产量的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明:1在拔节期以前,低密组的土壤含水量比高密组的高;在拔节期到灌浆期,高密组的比低密组的高。在整个生育期,拔节期前土壤含水量比较高,而后逐渐降低,吐丝期达到最低,然后又逐步上升。2在一定密度范围内,制种玉米株高、亩产量随着密度的增大而增加单株产量产量相反;叶长、穗粗、穗粒数先随着密度的增大而减小,后随着密度的增大而增大;叶宽、穗长、百粒重、出籽率先随着密度的增大而增加,后随着密度的增大而减小;叶面积、茎粗、穗位先随着密度的增大而减小,后随着密度的增大而增加,然后又随着密度的增大而减小,秃顶变化规律相反。     

Evaluating and Comparing the Natural Cell Structure and Dimensions of Honey Bee Comb Cells of Chinese Bee,Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Italian Bee,Apis mellifera ligustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The hexagonal structure of the honey bee comb cell has been the source of many studies attempting to understand its structure and function. In the storage area of the comb, only honey is stored and no brood is reared. We predicted that honey bees may construct different hexagonal cells for brood rearing and honey storage. We used quantitative analyses to evaluate the structure and function of the natural comb cell in the Chinese bee, Apis cerana cerana and the Italian bee, A. mellifera ligustica. We made cell molds using a crystal glue solution and measured the structure and inclination of cells. We found that the comb cells of A. c. cerana had both upward-sloping and downward-sloping cells; while the A. m. ligustica cells all tilted upwards. Interestingly, the cells did not conform to the regular hexagonal prism structure and showed irregular diameter sizes. In both species, comb cells also were differentiated into worker, drone and honey cells, differing in their diameter and depth. This study revealed unique differences in the structure and function of comb cells and showed that honey bees design their cells with precise engineering to increase storage capacity, and to create adequate growing room for their brood.