半干旱区农田杂草的生活史对策研究

2008-2009年通过利用当地常见的10种杂草种植于不同处理的农田,研究半干早区农田杂草群落结构以及10种杂草群落组分种对环境因子的响应,结果表明,1)同一物种在不同的气候环境下,可以表现出不同的生活史策略.蝇虫实、田旋花和金荞麦2008年生活史策略分别具有竟争型(C)对策属性、胁迫忍耐型(S)对策属性和中间型(C-...     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

2006—2014 年民勤4 种典型荒漠群落结构 及物种多样性变化研究

根据2006—2014 年民勤荒漠植物4 个样区36 个样方调查数据，对该区沙蒿、梭梭、麻黄和白刺4种典型荒漠植物群落结构及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：该区群落结构简单，物种相对单一且数量较少，植物都是以较低的芽位适应生境条件；灌木层物种的变化不大，草本层物种有所增加；多样性指数沙蒿群落、梭梭群落和白刺群落的略有增加，而麻黄群落略有减小；该区群落结构和物种多样性的变化主要由于草本层的物种变化引起。了解和掌握民勤荒漠植物群落的结构和物种多样性变化规律，对于推动干旱荒漠区植被恢复和物种多样性的保护提供依据。     

白酒糟与菊芋渣混合青贮发酵品质及微生物菌群多样性

利用青贮原理将白酒糟和菊芋渣混合进行固态发酵,二者按照不同鲜质量比发酵10、30、60 d时,分别考察营养成分、木质纤维含量和发酵特性的动态变化,并通过高通量测序技术解析发酵微生物菌群多样性。结果表明,当白酒糟和菊芋渣以1.2:1和1:1.5比例发酵时,可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和木质素含量均显著低于其他处理组(P0.05),相对饲用价值和生物降解潜力较高。发酵过程中pH值、乳酸和氨氮含量等特性参数均处于优良青贮品质范围,V-score评分均为优等。白酒糟或菊芋渣单独发酵期间主要以变形菌和厚壁菌门细菌为主,混合发酵时则演变为以厚壁菌门、乳杆菌属细菌为主。总之,白酒糟与菊芋渣能通过生化互补特性发挥协同效应实现优质青贮,综合考虑糟渣生物质资源的利用价值和处理效率等因素,实际生产中建议以1.2:1比例混合青贮发酵30 d为宜,可获得良好发酵品质。     

外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力及微生物群落的影响

为探讨添加不同外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力和微生物群落结构的影响,该研究以小麦秸秆为黄贮原料,添加乙酸(3‰ACE组)和异型发酵乳酸菌复合系(3‰MI1组,6‰MI2组),调整含水率至50%,黄贮65 d后,以黄贮小麦秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,探究发酵过程中的指标性质和微生物群落结构。研究发现黄贮预处理后,发酵系统中的初始挥发性有机酸中的乳酸和乙酸增加、甲烷含量增加、可溶性化学需氧量(sCOD)增加。添加了外源添加剂的ACE组、MI1组、MI2组的累积甲烷产量较干黄小麦秸秆(WS组)提高了4.7%～10.6%,而未添加添加剂的CK组的累积甲烷产量较WS组降低了9%。发酵系统中的主要优势细菌为Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria,优势古菌为甲烷鬃菌属Methanosaeta,黄贮预处理改变了发酵系统微生物的群落结构,促进了小麦秸秆的甲烷转化,为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.     

基于LEED-ND认证的绿色社区开发策略分析--以上海城市最佳实践区为例

指出了中国正处在快速城市化的阶段,绿色社区开发已成为广泛关注的议题。以上海城市最佳实践区为例,通过对LEED-ND认证指标体系的分析,探讨了在LEED-ND认证体系驱动下,城市最佳实践区在场地规划、建筑节能、可再生能源和水资源利用等方面采取的开发策略和应用的绿色技术,以期为未来绿色社区的开发建设提供参考。     

里山倡议及其在我国台湾地区的实践应用

“里山倡议”是透过农业生物多样性的保育，平衡生态环境、生产和生活文化，利用自然资源和传统文化知识，确保社会—生态生产地景的永续利用，建立人与自然的良性互动。文中以台湾地区林务局推动里山倡议概念中的“林下经济永续经营可行性之研究”为基础，梳理里山倡议在社会—生态生产地景的运作内容及框架；在实践过程中强调传统知识和现代技术的融合，对山林地景的保护、恢复及营造，借由城乡交流和互惠，以地景为尺度、社区为主体，透过培力(充权)社区参与自然资源经营，构建生态与生计共存的永续经营模式；总结台湾社区里山倡议的发展过程，跨地域整合及促进生态福祉的整体策略架构。     

农业转移人口子女语言状况与城市融合——以合肥市调查为例

农业转移人口子女进入城市后所面临的语码选择、家庭语言规划等语言问题与该群体的城市融合之间具有一定的相关性。对合肥两所小学的调查发现，普通话在该群体语言使用和家庭语言规划中具有较高的取向度，而合肥话与该群体的城市融合之间具有更强相关性。语言取向度高的原因在于合肥言语社区中普通话社区的互动人口和设施建设更加完善，而合肥话与城市融合的相关性更强则体现了语言认同在城市融合中的重要作用，也证明了提高城市方言取向度是促进城市融合的有效途径。