盐胁迫对拔节期碱茅游离氨基酸成分和脯氨酸含量的影响

碱茅成株叶片和根中的丙氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸含量较高，丙氨酸是碱茅氮化物运输和贮藏的主要形式。随着土壤中盐分含量的增加，叶片中总游离氨基酸含量不断递增，其中脯氨酸含量增加幅度最大，且脯氦酸的相对含量也较高，约占总游离氨基酸的１９％～５３％，而其它氨基酸含量变化不大；根中总游离氨基酸含量随土壤中盐度的增加而不断下降。初步分析了碱茅成株与幼苗中游离氨基酸变化的异同点。     

播期、品种和拔节期追氮量对糯玉米淀粉粒分布的影响

 【目的】明确播期、品种和拔节期追氮量对糯玉米淀粉粒分布的影响及其与淀粉糊化和热力学特性间关系。【方法】以国家糯玉米区域试验对照品种(苏玉糯5号、垦粘1号和苏玉糯1号)为材料,设置春播和秋播处理,研究拔节期追氮量(0、150和300 kg?hm-2)对糯玉米淀粉粒分布的影响。【结果】播期、品种和拔节期追氮量单因子及其互作对淀粉粒体积分布存在显著影响,且播期处理间淀粉粒径和粒度分布的变异远高于拔节期追氮量和品种处理间的变异。总体上,秋播处理下淀粉平均粒径较小、粒径＞17 μm比例较低、9—17 μm比例较高。不同品种间,淀粉平均粒径以苏玉糯1号最低,苏玉糯5号最高,＞17 μm比例苏玉糯5号和垦粘1号间差异较小,以苏玉糯1号最低。随着拔节期追氮量的增加,糯玉米淀粉平均粒径和＞17 μm比例先升后降,13—17 μm比例先降后升。淀粉平均粒径和＞17 μm比例与峰值黏度、崩解值呈显著负相关,与糊化温度呈显著正相关;9—17 μm颗粒比例与峰值黏度、崩解值呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关;淀粉粒分布与回复值、热焓值及回生值无显著相关关系。【结论】播期、品种和拔节期追氮量单因素及其互作对淀粉粒分布有显著影响,且播期是影响淀粉粒分布的关键因子。秋播处理下,选择垦粘1号并拔节期追氮150 kg?hm-2,淀粉平均粒径和＞17 μm比例较小,9—17 μm比例较高,其糊化特性和热力学特性亦较优。     

华北冬小麦拔节期和灌浆期水分胁迫的WUE效应研究

选用2个华北冬小麦代表品种石家庄8号和YM20,采用盆栽试验,研究了拔节期和灌浆期水分胁迫对冬小麦产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明,华北冬小麦WUE对拔节期和灌浆期的水分亏缺均很敏感,胁迫程度越大其对产量和WUE的负效应越大;轻度亏缺复水后WUE恢复较快,重度时则恢复慢而有限;拔节期水分胁迫主要减少粒数,灌浆期则主要降低粒质量;田间持水率为60%的轻度胁迫对产量和WUE影响最小,拔节期的适宜胁迫历时为5d,灌浆期可为10d。     

Genetic diversity for grain nutrients contents in a core collection of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasm

Finger millet is a promising source of micronutrients and protein besides energy and can contribute to the alleviation of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and protein malnutrition affecting women and preschool children in African and south-east Asian countries. The most cost effective approach for mitigating micronutrient and protein malnutrition is to introduce staple crop cultivars selected and/or bred for Fe, Zn and protein dense grain. Breeding finger millet for enhanced grain nutrients is still in its infancy. Analysis, detection and exploitation of the existing variability among the germplasm accessions are the initial steps in breeding micronutrient and protein-dense finger millet cultivars. Evaluation of finger millet core collection for grain nutrients and agronomic traits revealed a substantial genetic variability for grain Fe, Zn, calcium (Ca) and protein contents. The accessions rich in nutrient contents were identified and their agronomic diversity assessed. The accessions rich in Zn content have significantly higher grain yield potential than those rich in Fe and protein content. Grain nutrient-specific accessions and those contrasting for nutrient contents were identified for use in the strategic research and cultivar development in finger millet.     

基肥配比和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米籽粒物性的影响

以鲜食糯玉米品种苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料研究表明,基肥配比和拔节期追氮对籽粒物性有显著影响,且基肥配比对物性参数(除脆度和黏聚性)影响大于拔节期追氮。物性参数中,黏着性、脆度和咀嚼度变异系数较高。基肥处理中,总体上以氮磷钾肥合理配比(N 75 kg hm^-2 + P₂O₅ 75 kg hm^-2 + K₂O 75 kg hm^-2)时硬度、脆度、黏着性(绝对值)、弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度较高,回复性适中。随着拔节期追氮量增加,硬度、脆度、黏聚性、咀嚼度和回复性均呈先升后降趋势,黏着性在不追氮和追氮150 kg hm^-2处理下无显著差异,但显著高于追氮300 kg hm^-2处理,弹性受拔节期追氮量影响较小。相关分析表明,硬度和脆度与弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度显著正相关。黏着性与弹性、咀嚼度显著负相关,与回复性显著正相关。弹性、黏聚性和咀嚼度两两极显著正相关。综合考虑各参数的变化趋势,氮磷钾均衡基施并拔节期适量追氮时两品种籽粒具有较好的黏着性、咀嚼度和脆度,且苏玉糯5号籽粒硬度显著低于渝糯7号。     

基肥配比和拔节期追氮对糯玉米淀粉糊化特性的影响

为明确糯玉米淀粉糊化特性在不同肥料处理下的变化, 从而改良淀粉的糊化特性, 以糯玉米品种苏玉糯4号为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了不同基肥处理(纯N 75 kg hm^-2、纯N 75 kg hm^-2 + K₂O 70 kg hm^-2、纯N 75 kg hm^-2 + P₂O₅ 65 kg hm^-2和纯N 75 kg hm^-2 + P₂O₅ 65 kg hm^-2 + K₂O 70 kg hm^-2)和拔节期追氮(0、150和300 kg hm^-2)对糯玉米淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明, 和仅基施氮相比, 增施磷或(和)钾可显著降低峰值黏度和崩解值, 提高谷值黏度、终值黏度和回复值。随着拔节期追氮量的增加, 峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度逐渐升高, 回复值先升后降, 而崩解值在追施氮150 kg hm^-2和300 kg hm^-2时无显著差异, 但均大于不施追肥处理。峰值黏度与谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.80**、0.87**和0.75**), 糊化温度与峰值黏度、谷值黏度和终值黏度显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.65*、-0.62*和-0.60*)。在适宜基肥的基础上, 增加拔节期追氮量, 可以改良淀粉的糊化特性。在不同肥料处理中, 基施氮或氮磷并拔节期追施纯氮300 kg hm^-2及平衡基施氮磷钾并拔节期追施纯氮150 kg hm^-2时, RVA谱特征值较为理想(峰值黏度最高且回复值较低)。     

拔节水对春玉米光合性能及产量形成的影响

通过田间试验,明确了丰水的1998年拔节水对春玉米光合性能及产量形成有以下影响平均叶面积指数和最大叶面积指数分别提高4%和12%,总光合势增长6%;全期干物质最快累积速度479kg/hm2@d,提高12%,生物产量提高13%;籽粒平均增长速度2.84g/株@d,增产14.5%,单株籽粒重156g,增长12.4%;在籽粒的干物质来源中,开花后合成累积部分占46.5%,提高9.6个百分点;干物质在叶、茎、苞叶等器官的移动率,以及收获指数都有所降低.     

Characterization of xylan from rice bran and finger millet seed coat for functional food applications

The purpose of this work is to establish alternative renewable resources by a process of chemical free water based extraction of xylan which is an important plant component with diverse industrial applications including food and pharmaceuticals ones. In this respect, we have shown an alternative source of water soluble xylan (WSX) from rice bran which is usually wasted and seed coat of underutilized finger millet. Extractions were carried out using water at ambient temperature (25 ± 2° C). Hydrolysis and derivatization of the extracted WSX revealed the predominance of xylose followed by arabinose and glucose, with Ara/Xyl molar ratios of 0.55 and 0.68 respectively. Elemental analysis showed similarities in carbon and hydrogen, while nitrogen and sulfur contents showed some variations. Structural identification of β - glycosidic linkages and acetyl groups from the FTIR spectrum; β-D-1, 4-xylopyranose backbone with α-L-arabinofuranose and 4-0-methylglucuronic acid substituents evident from ¹H and ¹³C NMR confirmed the presence of xylan. Characteristics of the extracted WSX (SEM, particle size, XRD and TGA) showed similarities in the two sources. Thus both rice bran and finger millet seed coat are potential sources of xylan and further optimization of the process can provide economic and environmental benefits.     

松嫩平原星星草果后营养期无性系结构及其生长分析

针对松嫩平原自然条件下星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)单优群落独立株丛,采用随机挖掘整个分蘖丛的取样方法,对星星草果后营养期无性系结构及其生长规律进行了定量分析。结果表明,星星草无性系总构件数量为(49.07±29.74)个,分蘖株和分蘖苗分别占53.3%和46.7%;总生物量为(2.54±1.57)g,分蘖株和分蘖苗分别占90.7%和9.3%。随丛径的增加,分蘖株数量、分蘖苗数量、分蘖株生物量分别呈直线增加,总构件数量和总生物量呈幂函数增加,分蘖苗生物量呈对数函数增加;分蘖株生物量、总生物量分别与分蘖株数量和总构件数量呈直线函数关系,分蘖苗生物量与分蘖苗数量呈幂函数关系;其相关性均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。