河北(承德)板栗溃疡病病原鉴定及其综合防治

笔者报道了在河北承德宽城县严重发生的一种板栗枝干病害,该病害引起树皮腐烂,造成大量2～3年生板栗树死亡,经室内病原菌鉴定,确定其病原菌为半知菌亚门壳梭孢属(Fusicoccum)真菌,同时提出了病害的综合控制措施。     

不同郁闭度对茶树净光合速率及茶园生态因子的影响

以安徽省金寨县栗茶间作园为研究对象,对不同郁闭度条件下茶树的净光合速率及茶园生态因子进行测定。结果表明:6月,露地茶园(对照)茶树的净光合速率在13∶00时出现"光合午休"现象,而有遮荫的茶园均未出现"光合午休"现象。在遮荫情况下,气温、土壤温度均低于露地茶园,且郁闭度越大温度越低;而空气湿度和土壤湿度均高于对照纯茶园,且郁闭度越大湿度越大。在郁闭度0.3的林下最有利于茶树生长和茶叶品质的提高。     

Grading and mechanical characterization of small-diameter round chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) timber from thinning operations

ABSTRACT

In forestry, thinning operations result in the extraction of young trees with small dimensions. The evaluation of the potential end use of these small-diameter logs (currently mainly used as poles or fence posts) for added-value products such as structural timber is of considerable economic and industrial interests. In the present work, 216 pieces of small-diameter logs of chestnut timber obtained from thinning operations were evaluated in order to determine their mechanical properties and assess various visual or non-destructive grading systems. The two visual standards evaluated (EN 1927 and DIN 4074) were ineffective in grading according to mechanical properties. On the other hand, a grading system based on a non-destructive measurement (acoustic wave velocity) resulted in better classification by structural quality. The characteristic values of the small-diameter round chestnut timber, determined according to the standards EN 384 and EN 338, achieved similar values as standard rectangular sawn timber with respect to modulus of elasticity and density, and higher values for bending strength.     

寻骨风药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索的基础上,对寻骨风的科属、成分、养生价值、代表性方剂、使用注意事项进行了概述,为全民养生保健提供科学资料。     

板栗不同品种花粉育性研究

对19个板栗品种的花粉育性的两个方面(花粉萌发率、花粉管生长特性)进行了测定 分析,发现板栗花粉的萌发率一般高于65%,以70%～90%区域内分布为最多,高于90%和低 于70%的品种较少。花粉管生长在花粉萌动后的20min中伸长最快,而后逐渐趋于平稳。一 定浓度的蔗糖溶液有助于花粉管的生长,10%、20%蔗糖浓度均能显著提高花粉管伸长速度。     

板栗铁型超氧化物歧化酶基因(CmFeSOD)的克隆及原核表达

超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)是逆境条件下清除细胞内活性氧的关键酶,而铁型超氧化物歧化酶(FeSOD)作为该酶系中的关键酶之一,与植物的抗病性关系密切。根据板栗(Castanea mollissima Bl)转录组数据中分析得到FeSOD基因EST序列设计PCR扩增引物,以板栗幼叶的cDNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术克隆获得CmFeSOD基因cDNA序列,通过生物信息学方法分析该基因的cDNA序列,并推定其氨基酸序列,同时将该基因片段连接到原核表达载体pET28a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)并进行不同条件的诱导表达。结果表明,板栗CmFeSOD基因开放阅读框(ORF)大小为705 bp,共编码234个氨基酸,推测其蛋白分子质量为26.016 5 ku,理论等电点(pI)为6.86,具有FeSOD家族的特征基序和保守结构域,GenBank登录号为KY312852。遗传进化分析表明,板栗CmFeSOD与核桃的亲缘关系最近。SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,通过原核表达获得CmFeSOD蛋白的分子质量约为29 ku,CmFeSOD蛋白在30℃,添加0.4 mmol/L IPTG,诱导6 h表达量最高,主要以包涵体的形式存在。     

Mechanisms and metabolomics of the host–pathogen interactions between Chestnut (Castanea species) and Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)

Chestnut blight is a stem‐girdling disease of Castanea caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica. Chestnut blight affects all Castanea species to some degree. In Asian species, chestnut blight is a commercially relevant disease which primarily affects nut production. In American and European species, chestnut blight has caused significant declines in wild populations and continues to negatively affect nut production in the European chestnut (C. sativa). Despite the profound effect of this disease in the Castanea genus, very little is known concerning the factors involved in the host–pathogen interaction between C. parasitica and its Castanea hosts. This review summarizes information on known mechanisms and metabolites involved in the host–pathogen interaction and contributes original information on the pathogen in relation to susceptible and putatively resistant genotypes with a view to furthering research that will promote a better understanding of this devastating disease and enable its control.     

修剪与施氮对板栗叶片N、P营养及产量的影响

为探究修剪与施氮量对板栗树体叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响,明确适宜当地板栗的修剪与施氮量的最佳组合,以13年生的板栗燕山早丰为试验对象,采用双因素随机区组试验,研究修剪强度(每平方米投影面积留结果母枝17~18、14~15和11~12个,分别记为X₁、X₂和X₃)与施氮量(施氮为0、375、750 kg·hm^-2,分别记为N₀、N₁和N₂,施磷均为164 kg·hm^-2,施钾为311 kg·hm^-2)的交互作用对板栗叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响。结果表明,N₁(中等氮肥)和X₂(中等修剪)条件下叶片氮含量、结果枝叶片氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率最高。X₂N₁、X₁N₂处理的叶片氮磷含量及产量均较高,且2个处理的结果枝叶片氮含量及产量差异显著;X₃N₀处理的产量不高,但其单粒重和出实率均较高。其中,X₂N₁处理的结果枝及营养枝的叶片氮含量(23.179、23.650 g·kg^-1)、结果枝叶片氮磷比(13.67)、产量(3 502.80 kg·hm^-2)、单粒重(8.26 g)和出实率(41.48%)均为最高。板栗树体需氮量随着修剪强度的增强(即单位面积留枝量的减少)而降低,修剪与施氮量2种措施之间具有协同性。从叶片氮磷含量及产量等指标综合考虑,X₂N₁处理是当地修剪与施肥的最佳组合。综上,中等修剪强度配合中等氮肥在增加叶片营养的基础上,保证了板栗的单粒重和产量。本研究为迁西地区板栗高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

Identification and pathogenicity of Cryphonectriaceae species associated with chestnut canker in China

Cryphonectriaceae species cause serious canker diseases on chestnut, oak and eucalypt trees. Recently, canker symptoms with typical orange fruiting bodies were observed on Chinese chestnut and oak trees in Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces in China. In the present study, isolates of these fungi were identified based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence, and their pathogenicities were tested on detached chestnut (Castanea mollissima) branches. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and two regions of β-tubulin (TUB1/TUB2) indicate that these isolates represent five species in the Cryphonectriaceae, viz. Cryphonectria japonica, Cryphonectria parasitica, Aurantiosacculus castaneae sp. nov., Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. and Endothia chinensis sp. nov. The sexual morph of Aurantiosacculus is discovered for the first time and can be distinguished from the other genera in Cryphonectriaceae by dark brown ascospores and tubiform appendages at both ends. Cryphonectria neoparasitica sp. nov. is different from the other Cryphonectria species by its aseptate ascospores. Endothia chinensis sp. nov. is the sole species in Endothia infecting the host genus Castanea. Additionally, it is much smaller than E. gyrosa and narrower than E. singularis in ascospores. The inoculation results showed that these five Cryphonectriaceae fungi isolated from chestnut or oak are all pathogenic to tested chestnut branches. Cryphonectria parasitica appears to be the most aggressive fungus, followed by C. neoparasitica sp. nov., C. japonica, E. chinensis sp. nov. and A. castaneae sp. nov.     

花桥板栗2号与邵阳它栗的比较研究

摘 要：本文以湖南省的花桥板栗2号和邵阳它栗为研究对象，从品种原产地的自然条件、品种特征特性等方面进行对比研究，认为花桥板栗2号和邵阳它栗具有一定的相似性但特性且各有优劣，宜扬长避短，实现板栗产业化生产。