白桦木材蓝变生防枯草芽孢杆菌B26的生物学特性

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)B26是一株对白桦木材蓝变菌有良好桔抗作用的生防菌,具有开发成为微生态制剂的潜力.对枯草芽孢杆菌B26的生物学特性进行了研究,以确定其最适生长温度、pH值、光照条件以及碳源、氮源.结果表明:该菌株生长适宜温度为30～40℃,最适生长温度为35℃;适宜pH值为7.0～8....     

白桦木聚糖内糖基转移酶XET基因序列及表达

从白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)形成层相关组织cDNA文库中获得一个木聚糖内糖基转移酶XET基因全长cDNA序列,其ORF全长882 bp,编码由293个氨基酸残基组成的多肽,编码蛋白的分子质量为33.1 ku,理论等电点为5.49。运用生物信息学方法对该蛋白进行理化性质分析及保守区预测,确定其属于糖基水解酶16超家族;进一步模拟蛋白空间结构,得到了可靠的分子生物学模型;利用sqRT-PCR分析白桦组培苗不同器官内XET基因的表达情况,结果显示XET在发育中的根茎叶内都有较高的表达水平。     

西南桦地理种源生长差异及优良种源选择u

对云南省西双版纳普文试验林场内的25个西南桦(Betula alnoides)地理种源8年生林分生长性状进行分析,结果表明,保存率、树高、胸径与单株材积在种源间差异显著或极显著,各种源内个体也存在一定的差异.经综合评价,初步认定田阳种源为参试种源中的最优种源,同时确定了澜沧、景洪、凤庆和天峨种源为该地区适宜的引种栽培种...     

Comparison of litterfall and nutrient return in a Vaccinio uliginosi–Betuletum pubescentis and an Empetro nigri–Pinetum forest ecosystem in northern Poland

Litterfall abundance and composition of organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus forms were studied for 34 months in two different forest ecosystems (Vaccinio uliginosi–Betuletum pubescentis (Vu–Bp) and Empetro nigri–Pinetum (En–P)) in S?owiński National Park (northern Poland). Including broadleaves, litterfall abundance in Vu–Bp was above 25% higher than in En–P. In Vu–Bp the mean litterfall abundance was equal to 4050 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with needles (31%) and broadleaves (32%) dominating while in En–P the mean litterfall abundance was equal to 2828 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and needless made up 59% of total. Almost all litterfall fractions in both forest ecosystems followed a clear, coherent seasonal pattern with maximal values in Autumn and minimal values in the growing season. In general, inter-annual fall variation of needles, branches, broadleaves and seeds was not significant in both ecosystems, however, for the fall of needles and branches a decreasing tendency was observed. In Vu–Bp and in En–P total litterfall (Vu–Bp: T-N 97.5%, N_org 96.8%, En–P: T-N 95.6%, N_org 97.9%) as well as the needless (Vu–Bp: T-N 31.9%, N_org 46.4%; En–P: T-N 53.5%; N_org 53.6%) were the most abundant with nitrogen with the supremacy of organic forms. Besides needles fall, the highest nitrogen return in Vu–Bp was contributed by broadleaves, seeds and branches fall, while in En–P with branches and bark fall. The lowest nitrogen return was contributed by inflorescences and flower buds fall. Similar to organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus was dominant in Vu–Bp (91%) and in En–P (77%) ecosystems. In Vu–Bp total phosphorus contributed by broadleaves was comparable to deposited with needles. In the fallen needless phosphorus contribution was significantly higher in En–P than in Vu–Bp. Nearly 40% of total phosphorus return was contributed by branches, seeds and other litterfall material in Vu–Bp. Litterfall mass in Vu–Bp showed positive correlation with air humidity, total nitrogen content in the rooting zone, and negative with underground water level and air temperature indicating lower resistance towards climatic stress. At both forest ecosystems total litterfall mass, total nitrogen and organic nitrogen were positively correlated with air humidity, while neither total litterfall, nor total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) at both forest ecosystems were correlated directly with precipitation volume. This is probably because air humidity is partially related to precipitation (r_Sp = 0.31), however it could be also an effect of sea sprays contribution. Homogeneous Pinus sylvestris stand indicates higher resistance towards unfavorable climatic conditions than Betula pubescens, and this is why it should be preferably used in afforestation campaigns in seashore.     

白桦木材中总酚含量与抗木材腐朽菌的关系

腐朽是木材最严重的生物破坏,它能引起木材结构损坏,造成经济上的巨大损失.白桦(Betula platyphylla)是极易腐朽的树种(李坚,2002).本文利用5种木材腐朽菌对白桦进行生物降解,根据质量损失率筛选出易腐和抗腐植株,进一步研究易腐和抗腐白桦总酚含量的差异与木材腐朽抗性的关系.为今后在林木遗传改良中筛选适宜的天然抗腐朽植株提供理论基础,同时也为森林培育、木材利用等方面的研究提供相关信息,减少防腐剂的使用,降低防腐剂对环境的污染.     

Development of bioavailable pools of base cations and P after afforestation of volcanic soils in Iceland

Few long-term studies have been conducted on changes in soil nutrients after afforestation in Iceland, a country with a young history of forest management. While fertilization was shown to improve survival of seedlings in the first years after planting on the nutrient limited soils, knowledge about the nutrients status of the soils that develop under maturing forest stands is still scarce. In a chronosequence study, the development of base cations and Olsen-phosphorus (Olsen-P) in the mineral soil was followed in six forest stands of two different tree species of increasing age (14–97 years): native birch (Betula pubescens) and introduced Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). A treeless heathland was included to present soil conditions prior to forest establishment. The sites are part of the largest forest area in Iceland, located in the east of the country. Results revealed an effect of stand age on all soil nutrients investigated except for potassium (K). Olsen-P increased in 0–10 cm depth of the mineral soil, indicating a better availability and thus improved P supply in maturing forest stands. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations decreased with stand age in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depth, while sodium (Na) decreased only in the upper soil layer. Only Olsen-P and K concentrations were higher in the upper soil layer as compared to 10–20 cm depth. This indicates a higher biotic control as opposed to the geochemical control of the other base cations.     

白桦人工林单木生长的人工神经网络模型研究

以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场白桦人工林为研究对象,采用MATLAB中log-sigmoid型函数（logsig）和线性函数（purelin）为神经元的作用函数,用林分内单木相对直径、林分密度指数、林分地位指数和林分年龄作为输入变量,以单木胸径生长量作为输出变量,构建了4：n：1的单木生长的BP人工神经网络模型。用200组单木生长数据对网络模型进行训练和检验,得最适宜的网络结构为4：3：1,均方误差函数mse=0．00160179,总体拟合精度为96．86％。本模型在充分跟踪样本数据的同时,又保持树木生长方程的规律性,可供同类条件的林分在进行经营设计时进行分析、计算和模拟和预测等使用。     

Wildfire promotes broadleaves and species mixture in boreal forest

Postfire tree species compositions are predicted to be the same prior to fire according to the direct regeneration hypothesis (DRH). We studied 94 upland boreal forest stands between 5 and 18 years after fire in Ontario, Canada. Postfire species-specific regeneration density was positively related to prefire stand basal area for Pinus banksiana, Populus spp., Betula papyrifera and Picea mariana, but not for Picea glauca and Abies balsamea. In addition, seedling density of Populus spp., B. papyrifera, P. mariana, P. glauca and A. balsamea were positively affected by build up index and, except Populus spp., their density increased with age of burn. To facilitate testing the DRH, we introduced a term called compositional difference (CD) that is the difference in a species relative percentage between the postfire and prefire stand. The testable null hypothesis is CD = 0 for a given species. CD was not different from 0 for P. banksiana, was 19.8% for Populus spp., 10.4% for B. papyrifera, −17.9% for P. mariana, −14.6% for P. glauca, and −14.9% for A. balsamea, indicating fire increases broadleaves at the expenses of mid- and late-successional coniferous species. Compositional increases of Populus spp. and B. papyrifera in postfire stands occurred mostly where these species were a minor component prior to fire. In conclusion, the DRH was supported by the specific positive relationships between postfire regeneration densities and prefire basal area for P. banksiana, Populus spp., B. papyrifera and P. mariana. However, if the DRH is used for predicting postfire composition, P. banksiana is the only species that had the same composition between postfire and prefire stands. Nevertheless, CD for P. banksiana was negatively related to its prefire composition. Similarly, CD for other species was negatively related to their prefire compositions with varying effects of build up index and age of burn. Our results suggest, if fire occurrences increase with global change, the boreal landscape will be more dominated by hardwoods and mixtures of conifers and hardwoods.     

西南桦纯林与混交林生态系统C贮量的对比研究

利用测定生物量的方法对13年生西南桦人工纯林、西南桦+肉桂混交林、西南桦次生林和热带次生林进行了C贮量的对比研究。结果发现4种林分的C密度分别为148.42、140.33、108.25、129.38 t.hm-2;年固C量分别为4.01、4.59、3.71、2.42 t.hm-2.a-1;地上生物质C密度分别为42.18、45.61、40.12、23.08 t.hm-2;地下生物质C密度分别为9.73、14.06、8.10、8.41 t.hm-2;林分凋落物C密度分别为6.03、8.81、3.03、2.61 t.hm-2;林地土壤C密度分别为82.38、79.94、57.00、95.28 t.hm-2。结果表明西南桦是开展以固C为目标的生态造林项目的适合树种。     

我国白桦育种研究概况

综述了我国白桦育种的研究概况。包括:白桦种源遗传变异分析、优良种源的选择、杂交育种、基因工程、分子标记辅助育种、航天诱变育种。为进一步开展白桦育种研究提供资料。