北京山地不同针叶林型下土壤脲酶动力学和热力学特征研究

该研究选取了北京山地人工油松林、人工白皮松林、天然油松林和人工落叶松林4种针叶林型下0～0.2 m和0.2～0.4 m土层的土壤,通过测定不同的底物浓度、培养时间及培养温度下的放氨量,计算出脲酶的各项动力学和热力学参数,探讨了北京山地4种针叶林型下土壤脲酶酶促反应特征。结果表明,4种林型下土壤酶促反应的Vmax值随土层深度的增加而减小,随温度的升高而增大;Km值能在一定程度上反映土壤脲酶酶促反应的变化规律;土壤酶促反应K值和Ea值均表现出随温度和土壤深度变化而变化的规律,但变化特点因林型而异;酶促反应ΔH和ΔG值随温度和土壤深度的变化而呈规律性变化;ΔS为负值,说明土壤脲酶酶促反应体系中有序性增大。      

Cu2+改性秸秆活性炭的制备及其去除废水中As（Ⅲ）的研究

以向日葵秸秆为原料,先经磷酸活化法制得活性炭,然后采用浸渍法制备载铜活性炭,研究Cu2+改性活性炭(Cu-AC)对水溶液中As(Ⅲ)的吸附等温线,并分析了吸附剂的投加量、pH、As(Ⅲ)的初始浓度和温度对Cu-AC去除As(Ⅲ)的影响。结果表明,当吸附剂的投加质量浓度为4 g·L-1、pH为12.0、温度为30℃时Cu-AC对As(Ⅲ)的去除率可达99.95%。Langmuir方程能更好地描述As(Ⅲ)在Cu-AC上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量为64.105 mg·g-1;吸附焓变ΔH0且大于42 kJ·mol-1,说明吸附过程为吸热的化学吸附;吸附自由能ΔG0,说明吸附为自发的反应;吸附熵变ΔS0,说明As(Ⅲ)在Cu-AC和水溶液的固-液界面运动的随意性增强。     

Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Mg-Zn Alloy

Getting activity of component is an important aspect of researching the thermodynamic characters of alloy. Under each model of predicting the thermodynamics characters of alloy, Miedema model has been developing as comparatively a good and accurate model in recent years. In this work, the formation enthalpy of Mg - Zn alloy has been calculated, according to the Miedema model. Further, the activity curve of Zn in Mg - Zn alloy at 1 000 K is calculated. The calculating result is that, as the formation enthalpy of Mg - Zn alloy is small, and in the procedure of calculating activity, excess entropy attributes a lot to the result, after considering excess entropy, calculating results and experimental values match each other very well.     

Research on quantitative correlation between chemical enthalpy of wastewater pollutants and their traditional water qulity indexes

Thermodynamic approach is applied to energy utility of wasterater treatment process, definition and calculation of pollutants' chemical energy would be primary. According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, the concept of pollutants' chemical enthalpy advanced, and criterion for calculating chemical enthalpy is integrated, and enthalpy calculation method of complex organic substances established too in this paper. Then enthalpy was coulped with traditional water quality index-COD. Energy analysis conclusions of various processes in wastewater treatment and different classification energy can be comparable through the study, energy index becomes easy to be linked up with traditonal water quality mensuration.     

热力学第二定律与遗传机理的量化分析

在解析遗传的本质这一主题时,着意阐述熵与遗传的关系,本文不囿于从热力学的角度分析遗传的实质,而是以热力学为出发点,结合生物学的特点,阐释整个宏观的遗传现象。认为遗传群体是一个耗散结构,基因在传递过程中即有无约束行为,也受约束簇控制。     

熵产最小法在热电制冷系统优化中的应用

应用有限时间热力学理论，基于熵产最小法，对热电制冷系统随有限温度的变化、由外部热源与内部工质之间的温差而形成的热漏及内部耗散所产生的传热不可逆性进行了最优化研究，建立了不可逆热电制冷循环模型。研究结果表明，不同的参数对热电制冷系统的影响有着显著的区别。本文推导出熵产率最小时对应的优化性能特性关系和重要设计参数的最佳值；绘出了相关优化性能曲线并说明了这些参数在总体和优化性能中的作用。计算结果对实际热电制冷系统优化条件的确定具有一定参考价值。     

球状壳聚糖树脂对茶多酚的吸附热力学和动力学研究

采用反相悬浮交联法制备了球状壳聚糖树脂(RCM),通过静态吸附实验,研究了RCM对茶多酚的吸附热力学和动力学特性。结果表明:吸附等温线符合Laugmiur等温曲线,且平衡常数Kb随着温度升高而升高。吸附是非自发的、吸热的、熵增加的过程。吸附过程符合二级动力学吸附模型,吸附过程主要受粒子内扩散模型控制。     

热重法分析不同纳米CeO2 粒径和添加量对燃油热动力学的影响

采用恒温热重法研究纳米燃油的蒸发特性,并求解纳米燃油蒸发过程的活化能、蒸气压和蒸发焓等热动力学参数。以正十四烷(C14)作为基液燃油、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为分散剂,配制粒径分别为20和50 nm、质量分数分别为50和100 mg/L的CeO_2纳米燃油。结果表明:在燃油蒸发过程中,由于纳米粒子具有较低的比热容,从外界吸收的热量被加快向液体内部传递,延滞了气液自由界面处液体分子的挥发,因此纳米燃油蒸发需要更大的活化能,且随着纳米粒子尺度减小或质量分数增加而增大,20 nm Ce50、20 nm Ce100、50 nm Ce50和50 nm Ce100纳米燃油较基液分别增大了5.6%,9.3%,3.2%和6.8%。纳米粒子的加入增大了燃油的表面张力,阻滞液相分子向气相扩散,因而其蒸气压降低,其中20nm Ce100纳米燃油较C14降低了18.1%。此外,由于燃油分子与纳米粒子之间的范德华力及氢键作用,纳米燃油蒸发所需的蒸发焓升高,20 nm Ce100纳米燃油较基液增大了16.7%。纳米燃油热力学基础物性参数研究可为其应用提供重要的基础数据。     

磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果汁有机酸的动力学及热力学特性

为充分利用中国丰富的苹果资源,开发多品类的苹果深加工产品,以磁性壳聚糖微球为吸附剂,通过磁分离技术,吸附获得苹果汁中的天然有机酸,并对其吸附过程进行研究。利用Lagergren准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程对吸附反应动力学过程进行拟合;利用Langmuir等温吸附模型、Freundlich等温吸附模型及Temkin等温吸附模型对吸附等温数据进行拟合,并对其吸附反应热力学特性进行分析。通过比较线性拟合方程的决定系数,发现磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果汁中有机酸的动力学过程更加符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,吸附温度越高,吸附速率常数和初始吸附速率越大,但平衡吸附量越低。等温吸附过程更加符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明该吸附过程更趋向于单分子层的化学吸附。298 K时,有机酸的饱和吸附量可达到188.679 2 mg/g,表明磁性壳聚糖微球是苹果汁中有机酸的1种高效吸附剂。热力学参数ΔG°0,ΔH°0,ΔS°0,表明磁性壳聚糖微球对苹果汁有机酸的吸附过程为熵增加的可自发进行的放热过程。动力学及热力学结果为磁性壳聚糖微球吸附苹果汁有机酸的研究提供了理论基础与技术支持。     

Research Status and Progress of Inhibitory Effects and Inhibitory Mechanism of Complex-Type Urease Inhibitors - A Review

The widespread presence of urease in agricultural settings places enormous pressure on the soil environment. Urease inhibitors have been used as promising biochemical methods in reducing urease efficiency to ensure food security and agricultural sustainability. Compared with metal salts, organic products and plant extracts, complex-type urease inhibitors are low toxic, highly inhibitory and stable.They have become a hot topic of research for domestic and foreign scholars. This article reviews the status of research into complex-type urease inhibitors, expounds their dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms and summarizes the mechanistic research carried out to date. Some prospects for and disadvantages of using complex-type urease inhibitors have been proposed.