面向地表过程模拟的降雨径流模型开发与应用

降雨径流是流域地表过程的主要驱动力,是众多地表模型的基础。该文在充分考虑流域气象及下垫面等要素空间异质性的基础上,提出了一个面向地表过程模拟的、基于DEM的分布式次降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性将栅格划分为坡面单元和河网单元;模型考虑了降雨、植被截流和入渗等产流过程,利用运动波分级汇流的方式进行汇流演算。模型在江西躁口水流域进行了检验和应用。结果表明：该模型模拟的流量过程精度较高;模拟的径流深度及径流搬运力的空间分布符合水文规律。模型结构简洁、参数较少,具有较好的实用价值;为土壤侵蚀及非点源污染等以流路为基础的复杂地表过程研究奠定了基础。     

岔巴沟流域次暴雨产流无量纲模型

为了建立小流域次暴雨产流预报模型,在岔巴沟流域选取大小不同的4个小流域10 a水文资料,分析降雨、地貌等因素对流域产流的影响,选取主要因素最大30 min雨量、最大30 min雨强、流域沟道比降、流域面积和流域狭长度。用无量纲参数和逐步回归分析的方法估计模型参数,得到了岔巴沟流域次暴雨产流无量纲模型,用模型预报结果与实测结果对比,模型预报精度为70%。结果表明,所建立的模型具有参数少、结构简单、量纲和谐、物理意义明确的特点,可为流域产流模型进一步研究提供参考。     

坡面降雨径流的一种数值模拟方法

根据水力学原理建立了坡面降雨径流模型，用特征线方法求解，并用所编制的计算机模拟程序对某一具体降雨过程进行了模拟计算，所得结果与用水文学方法得到的结果相近。     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于ArcView的SCS模型在流域径流计算中的应用

SCS模型考虑了径流与土壤特性和土地利用情况的关系,能反映不同土壤和地面覆盖条件影响产流的特点,所需参数较少,是一种简洁且实用的流域径流计算方法。以福建省敖江一子流域为例,在ArcView环境中应用SCS模型,利用GIS技术确定和反映不同土地利用类型的CN值和径流量,并使这些值建立在空间数据之上,同时以地图的形式显示,实现径流数据与空间数据相结合,以直观的方式为流域管理决策者服务。     

黄土高原沟壑区土壤抗冲性研究──以黄委会西峰水土保持试验站为例

通过对西峰水保站１９６４－１９８０年径流小区观测资料的统计分析，结果表明，次暴雨侵蚀模数与径流深之间以幂函数相关为最好（ｇ＝ａＨ＾ｂ）。笔以单位面积、单位径流深的冲刷量均值做为描述土壤抗冲性的指标，并对其影响因素进行了分析。     

蓄水坑灌降雨径流的产汇流特性研究

蓄水坑灌法是一种具有水土保持作用的山丘区果林灌溉新方法。根据蓄水坑灌法田间工程的特点,分析了在蓄水坑灌条件下的产汇流特性;在此基础上对单棵果树控制面积内的径流过程、初损历时、径流量及径流系数进行了分析推导,建立了相应的计算模型,并以设计算例说明了计算模型的应用。此项研究对于在一定的水土流失防治标准下设计蓄水坑灌的田间工程具有重要的价值。     

土壤水蚀模型中的融雪侵蚀模拟研究

在季节性或常年积雪地区,春季积雪融化产生的径流及其造成的侵蚀占全年总侵蚀量的比例很大,同时反复进行的冻融过程会影响土壤的物理性质,如团聚体稳定性、水分传导率、抗剪切力、可蚀性等,进而加重土壤侵蚀。因此在这些地区进行融雪侵蚀预报十分必要,它主要包括融雪径流的产生,及其形成的土壤侵蚀量,冻融过程导致土壤性状的变化,以及由此造成的对土壤可蚀性的影响。本研究总结了国内外融雪侵蚀的研究现状,并分析了几个代表性土壤水蚀预报模型中的融雪侵蚀过程,提出我国部分地区土壤侵蚀模型中考虑融雪侵蚀的必要性。